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% Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, 2nd edition.  (Pedlosky, J.)
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\Dtitle[]{�X���s����g���̎��Ԕ��W�ɂ��Ă̐��l���� \\
          -- ��ƉQ�ʏ�̕ω��Ƃ̊֌W --
          }

\Dauthor[�k�쑾�N]{�k�� ���N \\
�_�ˑ�w���w�����Ȓn���f���Ȋw��U\\
�n������јf����C�Ȋw������}
\Ddate[2011-02-04]{2011�N2��4��}
\maketitle

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\setlength{\parskip}{5mm}
\newpage
\begin{abstract}

�n����C�ɂ�����, ���x�����t������{��������ܓx�ł�,  
���C���E��C�������X�̓V�C���x�z����d�v�ȗv�f�ƂȂ��Ă���.

���̍���C���̔����E���B�𗝉�������, 
�ł��d�v�ȗ��_���u�X���s���藝�_�v�ł���.

�X���s����ɂ�, �Q�ʏ�̎��ԕω����l���邱�Ƃ��������Ȃ��B

�Q�ʂ�, ���̕����ʂɂ͂Ȃ��傫�� 2 �̓����������Ă���.
1 ��, �����ʖʂɉ������^���ɂ����ĉQ�ʂ̒l���ۑ�����Ƃ������Ƃ�, 
���̐����ɂ��, ��C�� 3 �����I�ȓ����� 2 �����I�ȓ����Ƒ����邱�Ƃ��ł���.
%
2 �߂̓�����, 
�Q�ʂ̏�Ƌ��E�������^�������, 
�����╗��, ���x, �C���Ƃ�������C�̕����ʂ����肷�邱�Ƃ��ł���Ƃ��������ł���.
����ɂ��, �Q�ʕ��z�}�ɂ���ďz�≷�x��̎��ԕω���m�邱�Ƃ��ł��邽��, 
��̎��ԕω�����͂���Ƃ��ɂ͑�ϕ֗��ł���.

�X���s����g�̔����ɂ͂��̉Q�ʂ̓�k�����̌��z���[���ւ���Ă���.
�Q�ʕۑ����𖞂����`�Ő����郍�X�r�[�g�̓`�d��, 
�Q�ʂ̌��z�ɂ�肻�̕������K�肳���.
���̐����ɂ��
�����V�A�[�����݉���, 
�t�����̈ʑ����x������ 2 �̃��X�r�[�g�����ݍ�p��, �s����g����������. 
���̕s������X���s����Ƃ���.

�����ʖʂł̉Q��, �Ƃ����ʎ��̂�, 
Ertel(1942) �� Rossby(1940) �ɂ���čl���o���ꂽ��, 
�Q�ʂ̌v�Z�ɂ͑����̌v�Z���K�v�Ȃ���, 
���̕��y�͌v�Z�@�Z�p�̔��W��������ɓ����Ă���ƂȂ���.

Hoskins et al. (1985) �Ɠ�K�� (1986) ��
�ϑ��l�����ɉQ�ʕ��z��, �C�����Q�x��̉�͂��s���Ă���.
�Q�ʏ�̕ω��̂����炷�e�����L�q���Ă���.
��������ϑ����ʂ̉�͂𒆐S�ɍs���Ă���, 
�Q�ʏ�̕ω��̉e�����w�E���Ă��邪, 
�����I�Ȗ{����˂��ɂ�, �\���ł͂Ȃ�.
Takayabu (1991) �ł�, 
�J�b�v�����O�ɂ���C���̔��B��
���ǂ̂悤�ɂ��ċN����̂��ɂ���, 
��w�Ɖ��w�̏�̗^������ς���������s��, 
���̂Ƃ��̉Q�ʕ��z�̕ω�������, ��̔��B�Ƃ̊֌W�����q�ׂĂ���.
Takayabu (1991) �ł͒�C���̃J�b�v�����O�Ɏ�ɏœ_�𓖂ĂĂ���, 
�Q�ʕ��z�̕ϓ��Ə�̔��B�Ɋւ���c�_���\���ɂȂ���Ă���Ƃ͂����Ȃ�. \\

�����ŕ����I�Ȗ{���ɗ����Ԃ�, 
�Q�ʂ̎��ԕω��ɂ��͊w�I�Ȍ��ʂ�, 
��̎��Ԕ��W�ɂǂ̂悤�ȉe����^���邩����͂���.

�����̌���, 
��w�Ɖ��w�ł̉Q�ʕ΍��̋��߂������������Ƃ�, 
��̎��Ԕ��W�������邱�Ƃ��m�F���ꂽ.

�܂���̔��B����Ƃ���ł͑Η����E�ʂ����ʖʂɉ����ĉ��~��, 
���̉Q�����w�̉Q�x���т����Ƃ������ꂽ.

��r�����ɂ��, ���E�ʂ̉��~�x�����̉e������̔��B�ɐ[���ւ���Ă���, 
����Ɣ��, ���w�̏�̑傫���̉e���͏��������Ƃ������ꂽ.

\end{abstract}
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\chapter{�͂��߂�}    % �͂̎n�߂���̏ꍇ�͂��̃R�}���h���g�p����

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�n����C�ɂ�����, ���x�����t������{��������ܓx�ł�,  
���C���E��C�������X�̓V�C���x�z����d�v�ȗv�f�ƂȂ��Ă���.

���̍���C���̔����E���B�𗝉�������, 
�ł��d�v�ȗ��_���u�X���s���藝�_�v�ł���.

%�X���s����ɂ�, �Q�ʂƂ��������ʂ��d�v�Ȗ������ʂ����Ă���.
�X���s����ɂ�, �Q�ʏ�̎��ԕω����l���邱�Ƃ��������Ȃ��B

%���̌X���s����𗝉�����Ƃ��ɔ��ɏd�v�Ȗ������ʂ����̂�, 
%�O�o�́u\textgt{�Q��}�v�ł���(Hoskins et al. (1985)).
�Q�ʂ�, ���̕����ʂɂ͂Ȃ��傫�� 2 �̓����������Ă���.
1 ��, �f�M�^���������C�̂Ȃ���ł͕ۑ�����, �Ƃ������Ƃł���.
%��ΉQ�x�ƈ���x�̐ςŕ\�����ʂł���, �����
���̐�������, �Q�ʂ̒l�͓����ʖʂɉ������^���ɂ����Ă�
���O�����W���I�ɕۑ�����Ƃ������Ƃ�������.
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�����ʖʂł̉Q�ʂ��v�Z�����Ƃ��̉Q�ʂ̕��z�͋�C��̓����Ɗ��S�Ɉ�v���邱�ƂɂȂ�.
%
%
2 �߂̓�����, �]���\���̌����ƌĂ΂����̂ł���.
�����, �Q�ʂ̏�Ƌ��E�������^�������, 
�����╗��, ���x, �C���Ƃ�������C�̕����ʂ����肷�邱�Ƃ��ł���Ƃ��������ł���.
%���n�t�ߎ��₻�n�t���ߎ�, �Ð������t�̓K�p�ł��������肷�邱�Ƃɂ���Ă���͓�����.
����ɂ��, �Q�ʕ��z�}�ɂ���ďz�≷�x��̎��ԕω���m�邱�Ƃ��ł��邽��, 
��̎��ԕω�����͂���Ƃ��ɂ͑�ϕ֗��ł���.

�X���s����g�̔����ɂ͂��̉Q�ʂ̓�k�����̌��z���[���ւ���Ă���.
��{��ɂ����ĉQ�ʂ���k�����ɐ����X�x������ł�, 
�Q�ʕۑ����𖞂����`�Ń��X�r�[�g�̓`�d�����݂�, 
���̃��X�r�[�g��, �Q�ʂ̌��z�ɂ���ē`�d����������قȂ�.
���̐����ɂ��t�����̈ʑ����x�������X�r�[�g�����݂�, 
�����̉����V�A�[�����݂����ł�, 
���� 2 �̔g�����ݍ�p���邱�Ƃɂ���ĕs����g����������. 
���̕s������X���s����Ƃ���.

�����ʖʂł̉Q��, �Ƃ����ʎ��̂�, Ertel(1942) �� Rossby(1940) �ɂ���čl���o���ꂽ��, 
�Q�ʂ̌v�Z�ɂ͑����̌v�Z�ߒ���v��, 
���̈�, �v�Z�@�Z�p�̂Ȃ�����ɂ͒��X���p����Ȃ�����.
������, �v�Z�@�Z�p�̔��W�������ł�, ��C���ۂ𗝉�����ۂɂ��΂��Ηp�����Ă���.

Hoskins et al. (1985) �ł͓����ʖʂ̉Q�ʂ̊T�O�𐮗���, 
�ϑ��l�����ɉQ�ʕ��z�̌v�Z���s��, 
��K�� (1986) �͓��{�t�߂Œ�C�������B�����ꍇ�̉Q�ʏ�̕ϓ�����͂�, 
�n�\�ʋC����Η������w�̉Q�x��̕ω��Ɣ�r���邱�Ƃ�, 
�Q�ʏ�̕ω��̂����炷�e�����L�q���Ă���.
��������ϑ����ʂ̉�͂𒆐S�ɍs���Ă���, 
�Q�ʏ�̕ω��̉e�����w�E���Ă��邪, 
�����I�Ȗ{����˂��ɂ�, �\���ł͂Ȃ�.
%��C���̔��B�ɂ������Ăق��̌��ʂ̉e�����󂯂Ă��邱�Ƃ��l������Ă��Ȃ�.
%�Q�ʏ�̕ϓ��ƒ�C���̔��B�̊֘A���w�E���Ă��邪, 
%��K�� (1986) �ł�
Takayabu (1991) �ł�, �J�b�v�����O�ɂ���C���̔��B��
���ǂ̂悤�ɂ��ċN����̂��ɂ���, 
��w�Ɖ��w�̏�̗^������ς���������s��, 
���̂Ƃ��̉Q�ʕ��z�̕ω�������, ��̔��B�Ƃ̊֌W�����q�ׂĂ���.
Takayabu (1991) �ł͒�C���̃J�b�v�����O�Ɏ�ɏœ_�𓖂ĂĂ���, 
�Q�ʕ��z�̕ϓ��Ə�̔��B�Ɋւ���c�_���\���ɂȂ���Ă���Ƃ͂����Ȃ�. \\


�����Ŗ{�����ł�, 
 3 ������C��z���f�� dcpam 
(http://www.gfd-dennou.org/\\
library/dcpam/)��p��, 
�͊w�ߒ��݂̂��l���Ď������s���� Polvani et al. (2004) �̐ݒ��p����
�X���s�����̎��Ԕ��W���v�Z��, ��̕ω����Q�ʏ�̖ʂ����͂���.\\

�܂�, ��̗^�����ɕω����������ꍇ�̎������s��, 
���̂Ƃ��̉Q�ʏ�̕ϓ���, ��̎��Ԕ��W�ɗ^����e�����r����ƂƂ���, 
��̔��B�ւ̉e������薾�m�ɉ�͂���.

�{�_���̍\���͈ȉ��̒ʂ�ł���. \\
�� 2 �͂ŉQ�ʂƌX���s����ɂ��Đ�������. \\
�� 3 �͂ł�, �Q�ʂ̊ϓ_�ŏ�̐�������͂����ߋ��̌������Љ��. \\
�� 4 �͂ł�, ���f���̊T�v������. \\
�� 5 �͂ł�, �v�Z���ʂ�����. \\
�� 6 �͂͂܂Ƃ߂ł���.
 

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�X���s���肪�ǂ̂悤�Ȃ��̂ł��邩���L�q����O��, 
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�܂��͉Q�ʂ̂�����������ɂ��ďЉ��.

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%\paragraph{�G���e���̉Q��}
\subsubsection{�G���e���̉Q��}
%\subsection{Ertel�̉Q�ʂƏ��n�t�Q��}      % �߂̎n�߂���̏ꍇ�͂��̃R�}���h���g�p����

%�ŏ��̓G���e���̉Q�ʂ̕ۑ������������.

2 �̓����ʖ�(����������$\nabla \theta$)�ɋ��܂ꂽ��C�����l����.
��C���̒�ʐς�$dS$, ������$dh$, ���ʌX�x�̕����������P�ʃx�N�g����$\Dvect{n}$, 
��C���̖��x�� $\rho$, ���ΉQ�x$\Dvect{\zeta}$�Ƃ���, ��ΉQ�x��$\Dvect{\zeta}_a=(\Dvect{\zeta} + f)$�Ƃ���.

������, ����$\theta$�͈ȉ��̎��ŗ^������.
\begin{equation}
\theta = T \left( \frac{p_o}{p} \right)^{\frac{R_d}{C_p}}
\label{eq:���ʂ̎�}
\end{equation}
�f�M��, ���C�̂Ȃ���ɂ����Ă�, ���ʂ͕ۑ������.
$T$�͉��x, $p$ �͋C��, $R$ �͋C�̒萔, $C_p$ �͒舳��M, $p_0=1000 \mathrm{hPa}$�ł���.
����Ɨ��z�C�̂̏�ԕ�����, 
\begin{equation}
p=\rho RT
\label{eq:��ԕ�����}
\end{equation}
��p�����, 
\begin{equation}
\theta = \frac{\rho_0^{R/C_p}}{R} \frac{p^{1/\gamma}}{\rho} 
\end{equation}
�ƂȂ�, 
�����ʖʏ�ł�, $\rho$ �� $p$ �݂̂̊֐��ɂȂ��Ă��邱�Ƃ�������.
�����Ŗ��C�̂Ȃ��Ƃ���ł�, �P���r���̏z�藝�ɂ��, 
\begin{equation}
\Dvect{\zeta_a} \cdot \Dvect{n} dS = \mathrm{const.}
\label{eq:�P���r���̏z�藝}
\end{equation}
�ł���.
�܂�, ��C���̎��ʂ͕ۑ�����̂�,
\begin{equation}
\rho dS dh = \mathrm{const.}
\label{eq:��C���̎���}
\end{equation}
�ł���.
$\Dvect{n}=\frac{\nabla \theta}{|\nabla \theta|}$��, 
�����(\ref{eq:��C���̎���})��(\ref{eq:�P���r���̏z�藝})�ɑ�������, 
\begin{equation}
\frac{\Dvect{\zeta_a} \cdot \nabla \theta}{\rho |\nabla \theta| dh} 
= \mathrm{const.}
\end{equation}
�ƂȂ�, �܂� $|\nabla \theta| dh$ �͈��Ȃ̂�, 
\begin{equation}
P \equiv \frac{\Dvect{\zeta}_a \cdot \nabla \theta}{\rho} 
= \mathrm{const.}
\label{eq:�G���e����p�ʉQ��}
\end{equation}
�����藧��.
������G���e���̉Q�ʂƂ���.
�����, �����ʖʂɉ������^���ɂ����Ă�, 
�Q�ʂ��ۑ����邱�Ƃ�\���Ă���.

�܂������, ���ʍ��W�n�Ō����Ƃ��̉Q�� $P_{\theta}$ �͈ȉ��̂悤�ɋL�q�ł���
\footnote{���o�͕t�^\label{���ʖʂ̃G���e���̉Q�ʓ��o}���Q��}.
\begin{equation}
P_{\theta} = -g \left( \zeta_{\theta} + f \right) 
                \left( \frac{\partial \theta}{\partial p} \right).
\label{eq:�G���e���̓����ʉQ��}
\end{equation}
������, 
$\displaystyle 
 \zeta_{\theta} 
 = \left( \frac{\partial v}{\partial x} \right)_{\theta} 
   - \left( \frac{\partial u}{\partial y} \right)_{\theta}$, 
$f$ �͘f���Q�x�ł���.
�Q�ʂ𓙉��ʖʂōl����̂�, 
�f�M�^��������ۂɂ�, ���ʂ͕ۑ������, ��C��͓����ʖʂɉ����ē����ƍl���邱�Ƃ��ł���.
����ɂ��, ��C�� 3 �����̓����� 2 �����I�ȓ����Ƒ����邱�Ƃ��ł�, 
���ɗ������₷���Ȃ�̂ł���.

\subsubsection{���n�t���̉Q��}      % �߂̎n�߂���̏ꍇ�͂��̃R�}���h���g�p����
%\paragraph{���n�t���̉Q��}      % �߂̎n�߂���̏ꍇ�͂��̃R�}���h���g�p����

����ɋߎ����s��.
����ɂ��, �Q�ʕۑ����͈ȉ��̂悤�ɏ��������邱�Ƃ��ł���
\footnote{���o�͕t�^\label{���n�t���̉Q�ʓ��o}���Q��.}.

%���x��, ���n�t�ߎ��������Ƃ��̉Q�ʂɂ��ċL�q����.
%���n�t���̉Q�ʂ͈ȉ��̂悤�ɕ\����\footnote{���o�͕t�^\label{���n�t���̉Q�ʓ��o}���Q��.}.
\begin{equation}
{P_g}^{'} = \zeta
            + \beta y
            + \frac{1}{\rho_s}
              \frac{\partial }{\partial z}
              \left( \frac{\rho_s}{S}
                     \theta
                    \right)
\label{eq:���n�t���̉Q�ʕۑ���}
\end{equation}  
�����, ���n�t�ߎ��̉Q�ʕ������ł���.
������, $\zeta$�͑��ΉQ�x, $S$ �͐ÓI����x, $\theta$�͉��x, $\rho_s$�͊�{��̖��x�ł���.
%, �G���e���̉Q�ʂɒn�t���ߎ����{�������̂ƂȂ��Ă���.

����͓����ʂł̂ݕۑ�����ʂƂȂ��Ă��邽��, 
3 ������Ԃŕۑ�����G���e���̉Q�ʂƂ͈قȂ邪, ��͓I�ɂ͈����₷��, 
�����ł̐����̍ۂɏd�v�Ȗ������ʂ���.


%#############################################
%#############################################

%\subsection{�Q�ʂ̓���2 -�]���\���̌���- }      % �߂̎n�߂���̏ꍇ�͂��̃R�}���h���g�p����
%\subsubsection{�]���\���̌���}      % �߂̎n�߂���̏ꍇ�͂��̃R�}���h��
\subsection{�]���\���̌���}      % �߂̎n�߂���̏ꍇ�͂��̃R�}���h��

�����ł�, �Q�ʂ̑傫�ȓ����� 1 �ł���, \textgt{�]���\���̌���}, �ɂ��ďЉ��.
�����ł̋L�q��, Hoskins et al. (1985), ��K�� (1986), ���q (2006) ���Q�Ƃ���.

�Q�ʂ͒�`��(\ref{eq:�G���e����p�ʉQ��})���, ���x���z����ё��x���z��^����΂��̕��z�𓾂邱�Ƃ��ł��邪, 
�Q�ʕ��z�݂̂���͉��x��ƕ������^���邱�Ƃ͂ł��Ȃ�.
������, �X�x�����t�̎����g���ċC����Ƒ��x������т�, 
�×͊w���t�̎����g���ċC����Ɖ��x������т��邱�Ƃ��ł���, �Ƃ����֌W���g����, 
�K���ȋ��E������p���邱�Ƃ�, �Q�ʏꂩ�瑬�x��Ɖ��x��𓯎��Ɍ��߂邱�Ƃ��ł���(Thorpe(1985)).

���̂悤��, �Q�ʕ��z���畗���≷�x�̕��z�ɕϊ����邱�Ƃ��ł���.
�܂�, �Q�ʂ̕��z���킩���, ���x�╗���̕��z��������Ƃ������Ƃł���.
�����, \textgt{�]���\���̌���}�Ƃ���.
����͉Q�ʂ𗘗p�����Ŕ��ɏd�v�ȊT�O�ł���.

%\subsection{�A�m�}���[}      % �߂̎n�߂���̏ꍇ�͂��̃R�}���h���g�p����

�Q�ʂł�, �A�m�}���[�Ƃ����T�O�����ɑ�؂ɂȂ�.
����͉Q�ʂ̊�{�ꂩ��̂����\��.

�A�m�}���[���ǂ̂悤�ȍ\����������}���������̂����L�ł���(Hoskins et al. (1985)).
�����, �Ǘ��������Ώ̂ȉQ�ʂ̃A�m�}���[���l��, ���̃A�m�}���[�ɂ���Đ������ꂽ�����Ɖ��ʏ��
�}���������̂ł���. (Thorpe (1985) �ɂ��.)

�����Ɖ��ʏ�͑O���̕ϊ��\���̌����ɉ����Čv�Z���ꂽ���̂ł���.

%\begin{equation}
\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{center}
%\includegraphics[width=8cm,angle=0,trim= 10 10 0 0,clip]{6.21.2_2.eps}
\subfigure[]{\includegraphics[width=10cm,angle=0]{hoskins_anomaly_a.eps}} \\
\subfigure[]{\includegraphics[width=10cm,angle=0]{hoskins_anomaly_b.eps}}
\caption{\small �Η����E�ʂɌǗ����đ��݂��鎲�Ώ̂ȉQ�ʃA�m�}���[�Ƃ���ɔ������Ɖ��ʂ̕��z.
         (a)���̃A�m�}���[, (b)���̃A�m�}���[��\���Ă���.
�R���I���p�����^�����Ƃ�, 
�ÓI����x��, ���w���̒l���Η����̒l�� $6$ �{�ň��Ƃ���.
�Η����E�ʂ̍��x�� $10 \mathrm{km}$, ��C��[�� $16.67 \mathrm{km}$�ł���.
�R���I���p�����^�� $10^{-4} s^{-1}$ �ň��Ƃ�, 
�����ʉQ�ʂ�, $r<r_0$ ��, 
$\frac{1}{2} \mathrm{A} 
 \left\{ \mathrm{cos} \left(\frac{\pi r}{r_0} 
                            \right) +1
         \right\}$
�ɉ����ĕω����錗�E�ʂ̉��ʂ���邱�ƂŒ�`����. $r_0$ ��$1667 \mathrm{km}$�ł���. 
$A$ ��, (a) �� $-24K$, (b) ��$+24 \mathrm{K}$ �Ƃ���.
�����ł�$r< 2500 \mathrm{km}$ �̗̈�݂̂�������Ă���, 
�}�̉����̏����Ȉ��, $833 \mathrm{km}$ �ł���.
�ׂ�������, $5 \mathrm{K}$ ���ƂɈ����ꂽ�����ʐ���, $3 \mathrm{m/s}$ ���ƂɈ����ꂽ���������ł���.
���������͑Η����E�ʂ�\���Ă���.
$r = 5000 \mathrm{km}$ �Ő������Ɖ��ʂ̕΍��� $0$ �ɂȂ�.
(a), (b) �Ƃ�, �ő啗���� $21 \mathrm{m/s}$ �ł���.
�n�\�ʋC���̕΍���, (a) �� $-41 \mathrm{hPa}$, (b) �� $+13 \mathrm{hPa}$�ł���, 
���ΉQ�x�̋ɒl��, (a) �� $1.7 \times 10^{-4} \mathrm{s^{-1}}$, (b) �� $- 6.0 \times 10^{-5} \mathrm{s^{-1}}$ �ƂȂ��Ă���.
�܂��n�\�t�߂ł̍ő啗����, (a) �� $15 \mathrm{m/s}$, (b) �� $6 \mathrm{m/s}$ �ł���.
         }

\end{center}
\label{fig:high-pvanomaly}
\end{figure}
%\end{equation}

�}\ref{fig:high-pvanomaly}(a) ��, �Η����E�ʂɉ��ʂ̐U�� $ -24 K$ �̌`�Ő��̉Q�ʃA�m�}���[��^�����Ƃ��̐}�ł���.
�Q�̒��S���ł͌��E�ʂ����ꉺ�����Ă���.
�C���͎��͂Ɣ�r���� $41 \mathrm{hPa}$ �������Ă���, ���ΉQ�x�� $1.7 \times 10^{-4}$ �ƒ�C�����z�𐶂��Ă���.
���̏z�͐}�̒ʂ艺�w�܂ōL�����Ă���, �n�\�t�߂ł�, $15 \mathrm{m/s}$ �̕��������Ă���.
�A�m�}���[�̏�̐��w���ł͈���x���傫���C���͎��͂Ɣ�r���č����Ȃ��Ă���, 
�t�ɑΗ����ł͈���x��������, �C���͎��͂����Ⴍ�Ȃ��Ă���.

�}\ref{fig:high-pvanomaly}(b) ��, �Η����E�ʂɉ��ʂ̐U�� $ +24 K$ �̌`�ŕ��̉Q�ʃA�m�}���[��^�����Ƃ��̐}�ł���.
�Q�̒��S���ł͌��E�ʂ�����オ���Ă���.
�C���͎��͂Ɣ�r���� $13 \mathrm{hPa}$ �オ���Ă���, ���ΉQ�x�� $-6.0 \times 10^{-4}$ �ƍ��C�����z�𐶂��Ă���.
���̏z�� (a) �قǂł͂Ȃ���, ��͂�}�̂悤�ɉ��w�܂ōL�����Ă���, �n�\�t�߂ł�, $6 \mathrm{m/s}$ �̕��������Ă���.
�A�m�}���[�̏�̐��w���ł͋C���͎��͂Ɣ�r���Ă��Ⴍ�Ȃ��Ă���, 
�t�ɑΗ����ł͋C���͎��͂��������Ȃ��Ă���.

%\begin{equation}
\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{center}
%\includegraphics[width=8cm,angle=0,trim= 10 10 0 0,clip]{6.21.2_2.eps}
\subfigure[]{\includegraphics[width=10cm,angle=0]{hoskins_anomaly_c.eps}} \\
\subfigure[]{\includegraphics[width=10cm,angle=0]{hoskins_anomaly_d.eps}}
\caption{\small �n�\�t�߂ɌǗ����đ��݂��鎲�Ώ̂ȉQ�ʃA�m�}���[�Ƃ���ɔ������Ɖ��ʂ̕��z.
          (a)���̃A�m�}���[, (b)���̃A�m�}���[��\���Ă���.
�����ł�, �n�\�ʕt�߂̉��ʏꂪ $r<r_0$ ��, 
$\frac{1}{2} \mathrm{A} 
 \left\{ \mathrm{cos} \left(\frac{\pi r}{r_0} 
                            \right) +1
         \right\}$
�Ƃ����`�ŕω���, ���E�ʂł͉��ʂ̕ω��͂Ȃ�.
%, �Ƃ���ȊO, ��{������, \ref{fig:high-pvanomaly}�Ɠ����ł���
�U�� $\mathrm{A}$ ��, (a) �� $+10 \mathrm{K}$, (b) �� $-10 \mathrm{K}$ �Ƃ���.
�ׂ�������, $5 \mathrm{K}$ ���ƂɈ����ꂽ�����ʐ���, $3 \mathrm{m/s}$ ���ƂɈ����ꂽ���������ł���.
���������͑Η����E�ʂ�\���Ă���.
�ő啗���� (a) �� $16 \mathrm{m/s}$, (b) �� $17 \mathrm{m/s}$ �ł���.
�n�\�ʋC���̕΍���, (a) �� $-31 \mathrm{hPa}$, (b) �� $+18 \mathrm{hPa}$�ł���, 
���ΉQ�x�̋ɒl��, (a) �� $8.0 \times 10^{-5} \mathrm{s^{-1}}$, (b) �� $- 5.0 \times 10^{-5} \mathrm{s^{-1}}$ �ƂȂ��Ă���.         }
\end{center}
\label{fig:low-pvanomaly}
\end{figure}
%\end{equation}

�}\ref{fig:low-pvanomaly} (a) ��, ��w�ɂ͉Q�ʃA�m�}���[�͂Ȃ�, $1000 \mathrm{hPa}$ ��$ +10 K$�̉��x�΍���^�����󋵂��l���Ă���.
�����ł�, �Q�ʃA�m�}���[�����ɔ��������̗̈�ɑ傫�Ȓl�������Ă���, 
�g�C�̉��ʕ΍��͒n�\�ʂ̈�_�ɏW��������C�����̉Q�ʃA�m�}���[�ƑΉ����Ă���.
�C���͒n�\�t�߂ōő��, ���͂Ɣ�r���� $31 \mathrm{hPa}$ �������Ă���, ���ΉQ�x�� $8.0 \times 10^{-5}$ �ƒ�C�����z�𐶂��Ă���.

�}\ref{fig:low-pvanomaly} (b) ��, ��w�ɂ͉Q�ʃA�m�}���[�͂Ȃ�, $1000 \mathrm{hPa}$ ��$ +10 K$�̉��x�΍���^�����󋵂��l���Ă���.
(a) �Ɠ��l, �Q�ʃA�m�}���[�����ɔ��������̗̈�ɑ傫�Ȓl�������Ă���.
�C���͒n�\�t�߂�, ���͂Ɣ�r���� $18 \mathrm{hPa}$ �オ���Ă���, ���ΉQ�x�� $-5.0 \times 10^{-5}$ �ƍ��C�����z�𐶂��Ă���. \\

�}\ref{fig:high-pvanomaly}, �}\ref{fig:low-pvanomaly} �ɋ��ʂ��邱�ƂƂ��Ă�, 
�Q�ʂ̃A�m�}���[�����݂���͈͂���, 
�A�m�}���[�ɂ���Đ����镗�≷�x�̕��z���L���Ȃ��Ă���Ƃ������Ƃ�������. \\

�܂�, ����͐}����ǂݎ��鐫���ł͂Ȃ���, 
�Q�ʃA�m�}���[�ɂ���Đ������ꂽ�z�̐����X�P�[���� $L$ �Ƃ����, 
���̉����X�P�[����, $fL/N$ �ƂȂ�\footnote{���o�͕t�^\label{�A�m�}���[�̃X�P�[���̓��o}���Q��}.
������$f$ �̓R���I���p�����^, $N$ �͑�C�̈���x�������Ă���($N=g \; d(ln \theta) / dz$).
����ɂ��, 
�A�m�}���[�ɂ���Đ������ꂽ�z�̉����X�P�[����, �R���I���p�����^�Ƒ�C�̈���x�̒l�ɍ��E�����, 
�Ƃ������Ƃ�������.

����x���傫��, ���邢�̓R���I���p�����^���������Əz�̉����X�P�[���͏�����, 
����x�̒l��������, ���邢�̓R���I���p�����^���傫���Əz�̉����X�P�[���͑傫���Ȃ�.

�����, ����x�̍������w���ł͏z�̉����X�P�[���͏�����, 
���ΓI�Ɉ���x�̏������Η����ł͏z�̉����X�P�[���͑傫�����Ƃ������Ă���.

�R���I���p�����^�̉e�����d�v����, ����ȏ�ɑ厖�Ȃ͈̂���x�̑傫���ł���.
�Ⴆ��, 
���w���ɂ���Q�ʃA�m�}���[�����ʖʂɉ����đΗ����Ɉڗ������Ƃ����, 
���w���ł͈���x�̒l���傫���̂�, $N$ �̒l���傫�����������z�̉����X�P�[���͏�������, 
���ꂪ�Η����ɐN�������, �Η����͐��w���ɔ�ׂĈ���x���i�i�ɏ���������, 
�z�̉����X�P�[�����}�ɑ傫���Ȃ�, ���w�ɉe�����y�ڂ�, �z�𐶂��邱�Ƃ��l������.

%�����w���ƑΗ����̈���x�̈Ⴂ��



%#############################################
%#############################################

%\subsection{�Q�ʂ̓�k���z}      % �߂̎n�߂���̏ꍇ�͂��̃R�}���h��
\section{��{��ɂ�����Q�ʂ̓�k���z}      % �߂̎n�߂���̏ꍇ�͂��̃R�}���h��
\markright{\arabic{chapter}.\arabic{section}
��{��ɂ�����Q�ʂ̓�k���z} %  �߂̑薼���������ނ���

���������, �Q�ʂ̊T�O��p����, 
�s����̐���������ɂ��ċL�q����.

�s���������, 
%���`���������n�t�ߎ��̉Q�ʕ���������G�l���M�[������������, 
�����ɉQ�ʃt���b�N�X�̊T�O�𓱓����邱�Ƃœ��邱�Ƃ��ł���.
����ɂ���ē��o���ꂽ�֌W��, 
%#################################
\begin{align}
\begin{split}
\int^{z_T}_{0} 
\int^1_{-1}    \rho_s 
               \frac{\partial \Pi_0}{\partial y} 
               \left[\frac{\partial}{\partial t} \overline{\eta^2}\right] 
dy \; dz \; 
%+ \int^1_{-1} \left[\frac{\rho_s}{S}
%                    \frac{\partial U_0}{\partial z} 
%                    \frac{\partial}{\partial t} \overline{\eta^2}\right]_{z=z_T} 
%dy \\
%- \int^1_{-1} \left[ \rho_s 
%                     \left[S^{-1} 
%                           \frac{\partial U_0}{\partial z} 
%                           - \frac{\partial \eta_B}{\partial y}
%                           \right] 
%                     \frac{\partial \overline{\eta^2}}{\partial t} 
%                     \right]_{z=0} 
- \int^1_{-1} \left[ \frac{L}{\varepsilon D} 
                     \left[\left(\frac{\partial z_*}{\partial y_*}\right)_{\theta_*}  
                           - \frac{\partial h_B}{\partial y_*}
                           \right] 
                     \frac{\partial \overline{\eta^2}}{\partial t} 
                     \right]_{z=0} 
dy
=0
\end{split}
\end{align}
%�u�Q�ʂ̓�k���z�̐ϕ����[���v
%#################################
�ł���\footnote{���o�͕t�^���Q��}.
$\rho_s$ �͊�{��̖��x, $\Pi_0$ �͊�{��ł̉Q��, 
$L$ �͉^���̐����X�P�[��, $D$ �͉^���̉����X�P�[��, 
$h_B$ �͒n�`�̍���, $\eta$ �͗��̗��q�̖k�����ψʂł���.

������, 
$({\partial z_*}/{\partial y_*})_{\theta}$��, 
%$O(\varepsilon)$ ��, 
��{��ɂ����鉷�ʖʂ̌X����\��. 
�s���肪�����邽�߂ɂ�, 
���Ȃ킿, 
$\displaystyle{\frac{\partial \bar{{\eta}^{2}}}{\partial t} >0}$
�ƂȂ邽�߂ɂ�, 
�n�\�t�߂ŋ��E�ʂ̌��z�Ɠ����ʖʂ̌��z���������Ȃ�, 
�Q�ʂ̓�k���z�����̗̈�ƕ��̗̈悪���݂��Ȃ���΂Ȃ�Ȃ����Ƃ������Ă���.

�܂�, �g�������Q�� $q_*$ �𓱓���, 
\begin{align}
\int^{z_T}_{0} \int^{y_2}_{y_1} \rho_s \overline{v {q_*}'} dy \; dz \; =0
\end{align}
�����藧�悤��, 
\begin{align}
{q_*}'
= q' 
  + \frac{1}{S}
    \frac{\partial \psi'}{\partial z}
    \delta(z-0_{+})
  - \frac{1}{S}
    \frac{\partial \psi'}{\partial z}
    \delta(z-z{_T-}), \\ 
\frac{\partial \overline{q_*}}{\partial y}
= \frac{\partial \overline{q}}{\partial y}
  + \frac{1}{S}
    \frac{\partial \theta}{\partial y}
    \delta(z-0_{+})
  - \frac{1}{S}
    \frac{\partial \theta}{\partial y}
    \delta(z-z{_T-})
\end{align}
�ƒ�`���邱�Ƃ��ł���\footnote{���o�͕t�^���Q��}.
������, 
$z=0_+$��, $z=0$ �̂������, 
$z=z_{T-}$��, $z=0_+$ �̂�������\���Ă���.
�����, �Q�ʂ̏�����̏ꏊ�Ƀf���^�֐��I�ɑ��݂��邱�Ƃ�������.
���̂��Ƃ���, ���E�ʕt�߂ł͉Q�ʂ̓�k���z�����ł���, 
��C��w�ł�, ���ł��邱�Ƃ�������.

���̐�����, �X��������B���邱�Ƃ��������, 
��؂Ȑ����ł���.

%\subsection{���X�r�[�g�̐i�s}      % �߂̎n�߂���̏ꍇ�͂��̃R�}���h��
\section{���X�r�[�g�̐i�s�ƌX���s����}      % �߂̎n�߂���̏ꍇ�͂��̃R�}���h��
\markright{\arabic{chapter}.\arabic{section}
���X�r�[�g�̐i�s�ƌX���s����} %  �߂̑薼���������ނ���

���̐߂ł�, 
���X�r�[�g�̐i�s�����ɂ��Đ�������.

�A�m�}���[�̍��ڂŐ��������悤��, 
�Q�ʂ̃A�m�}���[�����̒l�Ȃ�΂����ɂ͒�C�����̏z�����܂�, 
���̒l�Ȃ�΍��C�����̏z�������鐫����p���čl����.

����, �Q�ʂ̓�k���z�����̏�ɂ�����, 
���̗��q��k������$\eta$ �����ψʂ�����.
�����, ���̗��q�Ƃ���̉Q�ʂ͕��ωQ�ʏ�Ɣ�ׂĒl�����������Ƃ���, 
���̂Ƃ��̉Q�ʃA�m�}���[�͕��ł���.
���̂��߂����ł͍��C�����z�𐶂���.
�t�ɗ��̗��q��������$\eta$ �����ψʂ�����.
�����, ���̗��q�̂Ƃ���̉Q�ʂ͕��ωQ�ʏ�Ɣ�ׂĒl���傫�����Ƃ���, 
���̂Ƃ��̉Q�ʃA�m�}���[�͐��ł���.
���̂��߂����ł͒�C�����z�����������.
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���̕ψʂɂ���č����Q�ʃA�m�}���[�ɂ���Ėk����, ������̗��ꂪ������.
����ɂ��, �g�̈ʑ��͎��ԂƂƂ��ɐ������ɐi��.
����̓��X�r�[�g�̐��i�̍\����\���Ă���.
%
�t�ɉQ�ʂ̓�k���z�����̒l�����Ƃ���, ���X�r�[�g�͓��i���邱�ƂɂȂ�.

���̂悤�Ɋ�{��̓����ʉQ�ʂ���k���z������ł�, 
���X�r�[�g���Q�ʕۑ����𖞂����`�ő��݂��邱�Ƃ�������.
%
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���̂��Ƃ��������Ƃ��ł���.
%
��C��w�ł͉Q�ʂ̓�k���z�����̒l������, 
���E�ʕt�߂ł͂��̒l�͕��ł���.

���X�r�[�g�͉Q�ʂ̓�k���z�����̗̈�ł͐��i��, 
���̗̈�ł͓��i���鐫���������Ƃ���, 
��C��w�ł�, ���X�r�[�g�͐��i��, 
���E�ʕt�߂ł͓��i���Ă��邱�Ƃ�������.

���̂悤�Ƀ��X�r�[�g���t�����̈ʑ������Ƃ�, 
�V�A�[�s����ɂ��, ������B����(Sakai 1989).

����, �t�����̈ʑ����x�������X�r�[�g�̋��ɂ���Đ�����s�����
�X���s����ƌĂ΂�Ă���.



\chapter{�Q�ʂ̊ϓ_�ŏ�̐�������͂����ߋ��̌���}

%\section{����̌����Ŋ�ɂ�������}      % �߂̎n�߂���̏ꍇ�͂��̃R�}���h���g�p����

%\markright{\arabic{chapter}.\arabic{section}
\markright{\arabic{chapter}
�Q�ʂ̊ϓ_�ŏ�̐�������͂����ߋ��̌���} %  �߂̑薼���������ނ���

%\begin{table}[ht]
%\begin{tabular}{p{0.45\textwidth}p{0.1\textwidth}p{0.45\textwidth}}
%\centering
%\begin{tabular}[t]{|c|c|c|}
%\hline
%&Polvani et al.(2004)&����̌��� \\ \hline
%�^��������&& \\
%&& \\
%&& \\
%&& \\
%\hline
%\end{tabular}
%\caption{��}
%\label{tab:left2}
%\end{tabular}
%\end{table}

%\section{��̔��B�ƉQ�ʕ��z�̊֌W�ɂ��Ă̊ϑ����ʁ@-- ��K�� (1986) --}

��K�� (1986) �ł�, �ϑ����ʂ�p����, 
��̔��B�ƉQ�ʏ�̕ω��ɂ��ċL�q���Ă���.

���̓�K�� (1986) �ōs��ꂽ�c�_�ɂ��ďЉ��.
 
%�ڍׂ͓�K�� (1986) ���Q�l�ɂ��ꂽ��
%
%�ϑ��ɂ�錤����, ��K�� (1986) �ɂ���čs���, 
%������Ԕ��W����Ƃ���, pv �ꂪ�ǂ̂悤�ɕω����邩�����f���ɂ���Đ��l������, 
%���ۂ̗�����i�߂����Ǝv��.
%
%��K�� (1986) �ł͉Q�ʕ��z�̕ω��Ƃ��̂Ƃ��̋C����E�Q�x��̕ω��ɂ���, 
%�ǂ̂悤�ȍl�@���s���Ă��邩�ɂ��ďЉ��.

�����ł�, ��w�̊���Q�����w�̑O����ɂ��鏬���Ȓ�C���ƃJ�b�v�����O���N����, 
���w�̒�C�����Z���Ԃ̂����ɋ}���ɔ��B���邱�Ƃ̈�����舵���Ă���.


\begin{figure}[tb]
\begin{center}
%\includegraphics[width=8cm,angle=0,trim= 10 10 0 0,clip]{6.21.2_2.eps}
\includegraphics[width=10cm,angle=0]{nikaido_ps.eps}
\caption{1985 �N 5 �� 14 �� 0Z ���� 15 �� 12Z �܂ł̋C���z�u. 
         ��ݒ�C���̔��B��������.}
\label{fig:��C���̋C���z�u}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

�}\ref{fig:��C���̋C���z�u}��, 
���̂Ƃ��̒n��V�C�}��, �ؒ����瓌�i���Ă����O���𔺂�����C����, 
1985 �N 5 �� 14 �� 00Z �ɐ����{�����f���Ă����݉����𓌐i���Ă���.
���̊�, ��C���͂قƂ�ǔ��B����, ���S�C���� 1002 - 1004 hPa �ɉ߂��Ȃ�.
������, 5 �� 15 ���ɂȂ��, �}���ɖk���֐i��. 
15 �� 00Z �ɂ͏\�����ɂ����Ă��łɕǂ��n��, ���S�C���� 998 hPa �ɒቺ���Ă���.
�X�ɂ��� 12 ���Ԍ�� 15 �� 12Z �ɂ͍������Ŕ��B���Ă���, 
���S�C����, 12 ���Ԃ̂����� 12 hPa �ቺ��, 986 hPa �ɂȂ��Ă���.
%
%
%\begin{figure}[tb]
%\begin{center}
%%\includegraphics[width=8cm,angle=0,trim= 10 10 0 0,clip]{6.21.2_2.eps}
%\includegraphics[width=10cm,angle=0]{nikaido_ipv-vor1.eps}
%\caption{5 �� 12 �� 0Z ���� 13 �� 12Z �܂ł�$\theta=315\mathrm{K}$�̓����ʖʉQ�ʕ��z�}(��)��
%          500 hPa �ʉQ�x���z�}(�E). ������B����O�̎��ԑ�.
%         }
%\label{fig:��K�� (1986) �̉Q�ʂƉQ�x�̕��z�}1}
%\end{center}
%\end{figure}
%
\begin{figure}[tb]
\begin{center}
%\includegraphics[width=8cm,angle=0,trim= 10 10 0 0,clip]{6.21.2_2.eps}
\includegraphics[width=10cm,angle=0]{nikaido_ipv-vor_2.eps}
\caption{5 �� 14 �� 0Z ���� 15 �� 12Z �܂ł�$\theta=315\mathrm{K}$�̓����ʖʉQ�ʕ��z�}(��)��
          500 hPa �ʉQ�x���z�}(�E). ������B���Ă��鎞�ԑ�.
         }
\label{fig:��K�� (1986) �̉Q�ʂƉQ�x�̕��z�}2}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

�����, 5 �� 14 ������ 15 ���̊Ԃ̏󋵂��������Q�ʕ��z�}��
�}\ref{fig:��K�� (1986) �̉Q�ʂƉQ�x�̕��z�}2}�̍����̗�Ɏ����Ă���.
�O���𔺂�����C���͉��w�̏�ł��邽��, �Q�ʕ��z�}�ł͌��邱�Ƃ͂ł��Ȃ�.
������ 14 �� 00Z �ɓ����V�x���A�̖k�� 60 �x���o 135 �x�ɒ��S�̂���, ���̉Q�ʃA�m�}���[��
���X�ɓ쉺���T�n������ʂ��� 15 �� 12Z �ɂ�
���ɔ��B�����n���C��(�}\ref{fig:��C���̋C���z�u})�̂�����ʂɂ�����
�k�C�����ɓ����Ă��Ă���̂�������.

�ł�, ���̐��̉Q�ʃA�m�}���[����C���̔��B�Ƃǂ̂悤�Ȋ֌W������̂������ڂ������邽��, 
��C���̒��S�ɉ����Đ؂��������f�ʐ}��}\ref{fig:��K�� (1986) �̉Q�ʕ��z�Ɖ��ʕ��z���d�˂��}.} �Ɏ���.
%
�}�̏�i�� 5 �� 14 �� 00Z �ł�, ��C���͓�݂̑O����ɂ�����, 
���o 140 �x�t�߂� 1000 hPa �� 850 hPa ��, ��C���ɑΉ�����悤��
�����v���̕��̐����V�A�[�������邪, ��w�ł͌����Ȃ�����, 
��C���͏�w�ɂ܂ō\���������Ȃ����w�����̌��ۂł��邱�Ƃ�������.
�܂�, �}���ɔj���Ŏ����Ă���Q�ʂ̕��z�����Ă�, ��C���̏����ӂɂ͖ڗ��������̉Q�ʃA�m�}���[�͌�������Ȃ�.
%
������, ���i�� 15 �� 00Z �ɂȂ��, ���o 140 - 150 �x�� 200 - 400 hPa �ɂ����Đ��̉Q�ʃA�m�}���[�������, 
���̉��ɂ͓����I�ȓ����ʖʂ̐���オ�肪������.
���̌����Ȑ��̉Q�ʃA�m�}���[�ɂ���ĕ��̏�͉������w������Η����̍L���͈͂ɂ킽����
���̉Q�ʃA�m�}���[�𒆐S�Ƃ����C�����z���`������Ă���.
%

\begin{figure}[tb]
\begin{center}
%\includegraphics[width=8cm,angle=0,trim= 10 10 0 0,clip]{6.21.2_2.eps}
%\label{fig:��K�� (1986) �̓��������̉Q�ʕ��z�Ɖ��ʕ��z���d�˂��}.}
\subfigure[��C���ɉ����Đ؂��������f��]{\includegraphics[width=6cm,angle=0]{nikaido_xz_ipv-pt.eps}}
\hspace{5mm}
\subfigure[��C���ɉ����Đ؂�����k�f��]{\includegraphics[width=6cm,angle=0]{nikaido_yz_ipv-pt.eps}}
\caption{��ݒ�C���̒��S�ɉ����Đ؂��������f�ʐ}. 
         ��i, ���i, ���i�̐}�͂��ꂼ��, �k�� 35 �x, 42.5 �x, 45 �x�ł̒f�ʐ}.
         �}���̎����͓����ʐ���\���P�ʂ� $\mathrm{K}$. �j���͓��Q�ʐ���\��, �P�ʂ�1$PVU$.
         �܂�, �������d�˂ċL�ڂ��Ă���.}
\label{fig:��K�� (1986) �̉Q�ʕ��z�Ɖ��ʕ��z���d�˂��}.}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

%\begin{figure}[tb]
%\begin{center}
%%\includegraphics[width=8cm,angle=0,trim= 10 10 0 0,clip]{6.21.2_2.eps}
%\includegraphics[width=5cm,angle=0]{nikaido_yz_ipv-pt.eps}
%\caption{��C���ɉ����Đ؂�����k�f��}
%\end{center}
%\label{fig:nikaido_ipv-vor2.eps}
%\end{figure}

%
�Ƃ���� 15 �� 0Z �ł�, 
���o 150 - 155 �x�� 700 - 850 hPa ��, 
��w�̐��̉Q�ʃA�m�}���[�Ƃ͓Ɨ��������̉Q�ʃA�m�}���[��������, 
��w�� High-Q �ɂ���č��ꂽ�z�̓쐼���������Ă���ꏊ�Ɉʒu���Ă���.
���̉��w�̐��̉Q�ʃA�m�}���[�͏\�����̒�C���ɑΉ�������̂ł���, 
�O���тœ쐼������������g�C�ڗ��̑傫���ꏊ�ɑ��݂��Ă��邱�ƂɂȂ�.
%
�X�ɒ�C�����傫�����B����, �}���i�� 15 �� 12Z �ɂȂ��, 
���o 150 �x�t�߂ŏ�w�̐��̉Q�ʃA�m�}���[�Ɖ��w�̐��̉Q�ʃA�m�}���[���قډ��������ɕ���, 
���̏���������w������n�\�t�߂܂ŐL�тĂ���Q�ǂ�����悤�Ȓ�C�����z���`�����Ă���.
���ꂪ�J�b�v�����O�ƌĂ΂���Ԃł���.

���Ɏ��_��ς���, ��C���̒��S�ɉ�������k�f�ʐ}�ŕω������邱�Ƃɂ���.
�}\ref{fig:��K�� (1986) �̉Q�ʕ��z�Ɖ��ʕ��z���d�˂��}.}(b)�̏�i�� 14 �� 12Z �̐}�ł�, 
300 - 325 K �̓����ʖʂ͖k�� 50 �x�Ȗk�ł͂قڈ��̍��x�ɂ���, 
�k�� 45 �x�����ɍs���ɏ]���Č��z������, ���w�ɍ~��Ă��Ă���.

���ܓx�œ����ʖʂ������ɂȂ��Ă���Ƃ���ł�, 
�Q�ʂ̒l�� $2 - 8 \times 10^{-6} \mathrm{m^2 s^{-1} K kg^{-1}}$
(�Ȍ�, PVU �ŕ\��) �Ƒ傫��.
��ʂ�, 1.5 PVU ���l���傫���Ɛ��w���̑�C������킷�̂�, ����͐��w���̑�C�ɑ����Ă��邱�Ƃ�������.
%
���, �k�� 45 �x�ȓ�̓����ʖʂ̌X���Ă���Ƃ���ł�, 
$0.4 \mathrm{PVU}$ �܂Ō�����, 
�Η����̑�C�Ɉڍs���Ă���. �����̓����ʖʂ̌X�����Ƃ��낪�O���ʂɂ�����, 
���w���ƑΗ��������ԑ����ɂȂ��Ă���.
%
%���w���̑�C�ƑΗ����̑�C�ł͈���x���傫���قȂ��Ă��邽��, �Q�ʂ̒l���傫���قȂ�.
%��̓I�ɉQ�ʂ̂ǂ̒l�ő�C���ǂ���̕��ɑ����邩����ʂ��邱�Ƃ͓����, ���܂͕֋X�I��, 
%$1 \mathrm{PVU}$ �ŋ�ʂ��悤.
�}�ł�, �Q�ʂ̓��l���� $1 \mathrm{PVU}$ �ȏ�ł� $1 \mathrm{PVU}$ ����, 
����ȉ��ł�, $1 \mathrm{PVU}$ ���Ɉ�����Ă���̂�, 
���̊Ԃ����w����C�ƑΗ�����C�̋��E�ƂȂ��Ă���.
%
14 �� 12Z �ł͖k�� 50 �x�� 250 hPa ������ɉQ�ʂ̒l�� $8 \mathrm{PVU}$ �Ƃ������̉Q�ʃA�m�}���[�̒��S������, 
�������瓙���ʖʂɉ����Ėk�� 40 �x 400 hPa �t�߂܂Ő��̉Q�ʃA�m�}���[�������Ă���.
15 �� 00Z �ɂȂ��, ���̉Q�ʃA�m�}���[�̒��S�͖k�܁@40 -- 45 �x�܂œ쉺���Ă��Ă��邪, 
�����ł��� 1 �̏d�v�ȓ����Ƃ���, 
���̉Q�ʃA�m�}���[�̒��S�̒����̖k�� 45 �x 700 - 800 hPa �ɐ��̉Q�ʃA�m�}���[�������邱�Ƃł���.

�����, ��w�̐��̉Q�ʃA�m�}���[�̓����ʖʂƂ�, �S���Ⴄ�����ʖʂɑ����Ă��邩��, 
�����R��w�̐��̉Q�ʃA�m�}���[���痬��Ă������̂ł͂Ȃ�.

�}\ref{fig:��K�� (1986) �̉Q�ʕ��z�Ɖ��ʕ��z���d�˂��}.}�̓����f�ʂƂ悭��r���Ă݂��, 
���w�̐��̉Q�ʃA�m�}���[��, 
�����f�ʐ}�ŏ�w�̐��̉Q�ʃA�m�}���[�̑O�ʂɂ���
���w�̐��̉Q�ʃA�m�}���[(�\�����̒�C��)���w�����Ƃ�������.
%
15 �� 12Z �ɂȂ�Ɩk�� 40 - 45 �x�ŏ�w�� High-Q �͍X�ɉ��~���Ă���, 
$1 \mathrm{PVU}$�̐��� 500 hPa �������܂�, 
$5 \mathrm{PVU}$ �̐��� 300 hPa ������܂ŉ�������, �Η����ɐH������ł���悤�Ɍ�����.
���̂悤��, ���w���̑傫�ȉQ�ʂ���������C���Η����ɐN�����Ă��錻�ۂ� tropopause folding �ƌĂ�, 
��C�����J�b�v�����O���Ĕ��ɔ��B���Ă���Ƃ��͒�C������, tropopause folding �����΂��Ό�����.

%==============================================================
%==============================================================

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%���� High-Q �� 12 �� 00Z �̃T�n�������ɂ������܂�
%�Q�ʂ̒l $5 -- 6 \times 10^{-4} \mathrm{m^2 s^{-1} K kg^{-1}}$�Ƃقڈ��̒l��ۂ��Ȃ��瓮���Ă���.
15 ���ɒ�C���𔭒B�������Q�ʂ��̃}���[������ȑO�ɒn��ɉ����e����^���Ȃ������킯�ł͂Ȃ�.
12 ���� 13 ���̈ړ������̑O�ʂɒn���C��������ꂽ.
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15 �� 12Z �ɂ� $6 \times 10^{-5}s^{-1}$ �ƂȂ��Ă���.
�ȏ�̎����͎��̂悤�ɂ��Đ����ł���.

�ŏ�, ���̉Q�ʃA�m�}���[�͍��ܓx�n���̐��w���ɂ�����. ���̂Ƃ�, 
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���̉Q�ʃA�m�}���[�̎��͂ɂ�, ��C�����z���`������, ���������̃X�P�[���� $L$ �Ƃ����Ƃ�, 
���������ɂ� $fL/N$ �̌����������Ă���.
���w���ł͑�C�̈���x����������, $N$ �̒l�͑傫��, 
���������ďz�̌����͔���, �n��ʂ܂œ͂��Ă��Ȃ���, ���邢�͓͂��Ă��Ɏア����, 
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�₪��, ���̉Q�ʃA�m�}���[�͓쉺���Ă�����, �O���тɂ���������܂ł͈���x�͂��قǕς���Ă��Ȃ�.
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���̊�, ��ΉQ�x�͊T�˕ۑ�����Ă���.
�����, 12 ������ 14 ���܂ł� 500 hPa �̑��ΉQ�x�̑����̌�����, �쉺�ɂ��R���I���p�����^�̌���, 
�܂� $\beta$ ���ʂɂ����̂ƍl������.
15 ���ɂȂ���, ���̉Q�ʃA�m�}���[���O���тɓ����Ă����, 
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�Η����ł͐��w����������x������������, 
$N$ �̒l�͏������Ȃ�, ���������̃X�P�[����, $fL/N$ �͑傫���Ȃ�.
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�������ꂽ������C�����z���������芪���悤�ɑΗ����S�̂Ɍ`�����.

%-------------
%���̐��, ��w�� High-Q �����w���x��� cyclonic �z�������炵, 
%������, High-Q ���ł�, ��w�� High-Q �ƃJ�b�v�����O����, �Ƃ���.
%
%�����ŏ��̊ϑ��������q�ׂ����e�Ƙb���Ⴄ���������邪, �ǂ��炪�{��?? \\
%--------------------------------------------------- \\


�ȏオ��K�� (1986) �̊ϑ����ʂɊ�Â����Q�ʏ�̕ω��ɂ���C���̔��B�ɂ��Ă̍l�@�ł���.




\chapter{���f���̊T�v}
%\section{���f���̊T�v�̔�r}      % �߂̎n�߂���̏ꍇ�͂��̃R�}���h���g�p����

%\markright{\arabic{chapter}.\arabic{section}
%���f���̊T�v} %  �߂̑薼���������ނ���
\markright{\arabic{chapter}
���f���̊T�v} %  �߂̑薼���������ނ���

�{�����ł�, �X���s�����Ő������̔��B�̐��l�������s����.
���̎����ݒ�ɂ��ċL�q����.

dcpam �ōs�����v�Z�ݒ���L�q����.

\section*{���W�n / ���U���̕��@ }

���W�n��, 
�o�x�� $\lambda$, 
�ܓx�� $\phi$, 
���������ɂ�, $\sigma \equiv \frac{p}{p_s}$ �����.

���U����, 
%�i�q�_�̎�����, 
���������ɂ̓X�y�N�g���@��, 
���������ɂ͍����@��p���Ă���.

\section*{�x�z������}
�x�z��������, �����f�M�ŃV�O�}���W�ł̃v���~�e�B�u��������p���Ă���.
�ڍׂ�, dcpam �h�L�������g (http://www.gfd-dennou.org/library/dcpam/) ���Q�l�ɂ��ꂽ��.

%�E�^��������
%�E�M�͊w�̎�
%�E�A���̎�
%�E�Ð������t

%\subsubsection{�����ߒ�}
�Ȃ�, �������ȒP�����邽��, 
�����ߒ��͍l���Ă��Ȃ�.

\section*{���E����}
���E�����͈ȉ��̂悤�ɐݒ肵�Ă���.
\begin{align}
\frac{d \sigma}{dt} = 0 \; \; \; \mathrm{at} \; \; \; \sigma = 0, 1.
\end{align}
%������, $\sigma = \frac{p}{p_s}$�ł���.

\section*{�v�Z�ݒ�}
�v�Z�ݒ�͈ȉ��̂悤�ɂ���.

\subsubsection{�𑜓x�Ǝ��ԃX�e�b�v}

\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|} \hline
�𑜓x & T21L20 & T42L20 & T85L20 & T170L20 & T341L20 \\ \hline
���ԃX�e�b�v & 60 �� & 30 �� & 15 �� & 7.5 �� & 3.75 �� \\ \hline
\end{tabular}

�v�Z���ʂ̉𑜓x�ˑ����ɂ��Ă�, 
�t�^�ɏڍׂ��f�ڂ��Ă���.
Polvani et al. (2004) �ł���L�̉𑜓x�Ōv�Z���s�������ʂ̔�r�����Ă���, 
����ɂ���, T170L20 �ȏ�ł�, �قڌ��ʂɍ��͌����Ȃ�, �Ƃ̌��_���o���Ă���.
�{�_���ł���r���s��, ���l�̌��ʂ𓾂�.

���̂���, ����̌v�Z���ʂŎ����}�͑S�� T170L20 �̉𑜓x�ōs�������ʂ��f�ڂ��邱�Ƃɂ��Ă���. 

\subsubsection{�g�U�W��}
�g�U�W����, 
Polvani et al.(2004) �ɕ킢, 
�𑜓x�Ɋւ�炸, 
�����F$2$, �g�U�W���F$7.0 \times 10^5 \mathrm{m^2/s^{-1}}$�ň��Ƃ��Ă���.


\section*{��������}

���������̐ݒ��, Polvani et al. (2004) �Ɠ����ňȉ��̂悤�ɂ��Ă���.

�悸, ���� $u(\phi,p)$ �͈ȉ��̂悤�Ɍ��߂�.
\begin{align}
u(\phi,p) = 
\begin{cases}
\; u_0 \; {\mathrm{sin}}^3 (\pi \mu^2) \; F(z) \hspace{5em} \mathrm{for} \phi > 0 \\
\; 0  \hspace{12.15em} \mathrm{for} \phi < 0.
\end{cases} 
\end{align}
������, $\mu \equiv \mathrm{sin} \phi, z \equiv - H \mathrm{log} (p/p_0)$�ł���, 
$F(z)$ �͎��̂悤�Ȍ`�����.
\begin{align}
F(z) = \frac{1}{2}
       \left[ 1 
              - \mathrm{tanh}^3 \; \left( \frac{z-z_0}{\Delta z_0} \right) 
              \right]
       \mathrm{sin} \; \left( \frac{\pi z}{z_1} \right).
\end{align}
�Ȃ�, �e�p�����^�̒l�͉��̕\���Q�l�ɂ��ꂽ��. \\

���ɉ��x��͈ȉ��̂悤�Ɍ��߂�.

\begin{align}
T(\phi,z) 
= \int^{\phi} 
  \frac{\partial T(\phi',z)}{\partial \phi'}
  d \phi'
  + T_0(z).
\label{eq:Polvani ���x������}
\end{align}
����, $f= 2 \Omega \mathrm{sin}\; \phi$�ł���.
������, 
\begin{align}
\frac{\partial T(\phi,z)}{\partial \phi}
= - H R^{-1}
    (af + 2 u \mathrm{tan} \; \phi)
    \frac{\partial u}{\partial z}
\end{align}
�ł���.
�܂�, $T_0(z)$��, �e�w�� $T(\phi,z)$ �̑S�����ς�$T_{US}$(U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976) 
�ɓ������Ȃ�悤�ɑI�΂��.
$T_{US}$�ɂ��Ă͕t�^���Q��.

�����}���������̂�, �}\ref{fig:���ʖʂƉQ�ʖʂ̒f�ʐ}.}�ł���.
\begin{figure}[tb]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=8cm,angle=0,trim= 125 120 308 160,clip]{dcl_U-PotTemp_init_T85-2.eps}
%\includegraphics[width=5cm,angle=0]{nikaido_yz_ipv-pt.eps}
\caption{�����̉��ʏ�ƕ�����𓌐����ς����}. 
         �����͈ܓx(�k��0-90�x), �c���͍��x($\sigma=1.0-0.2$). 
         �F���̃R���^�[�������ʐ�, ���F�̃R���^�[����������.}
\label{fig:���ʖʂƉQ�ʖʂ̒f�ʐ}.}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

�Ȃ�, �e�p�����^�̒l�͉��̕\\ref{fig:Polvani_parameter}
���Q�l�ɂ��ꂽ��.

%\begin{tabular}[c] {ccc} \hline
%�p�����^      & �l                     & �P��                 \\ \hline \hline
%$g$           & 9.806                  & $\mathrm{m/s^{2}}$     \\ %\hline
%$a$           & $6.371 \times 10^{6}$  & $\mathrm{m}$           \\ %\hline
%$\Omega$      & $7.292 \times 10^{-5}$ & $1/^s$                 \\ %\hline
%$R$           & 287                    & $J /(kg \cdot K)$      \\ %\hline
%$\kappa$      & 2/7                    &                        \\ %\hline
%$C_p$         & $R/\kappa$             & $J /(kg \cdot K)$      \\ %\hline
%$p_0$         & $10^5$                 & $\mathrm{Pa}$          \\ %\hline
%$H$           & 7.34                   & $\mathrm{km}$          \\ %\hline
%$u_0$         & 50                     & $\mathrm{m/s}$         \\ %\hline
%$z_0$         & 22                     & $\mathrm{km}$          \\ %\hline
%$\Delta z_0$  & 5                      & $\mathrm{km}$          \\ %\hline
%$z_1$         & 30                     & $\mathrm{km}$          \\ %\hline
%$\hat{T}$     & 1                      & $\mathrm{K}$           \\ %\hline
%$\lambda_0$   & 0                      & $\mathrm{rad}$         \\ %\hline
%$\phi_0$      & $\pi/4$                & $\mathrm{rad}$         \\ %\hline
%$\alpha$      & 1/3                    &                        \\ %\hline
%$\beta$       & 1/6                    &                        \\ %\hline
%$\nu$         & $7.0 \times 10^5$      & $\mathrm{m^2/s^{-1}}$ 
%\\ \hline
%\end{tabular}

\begin{table}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{ccc||ccc} \hline
�p�����^      & �l                     & �P��                 & �p�����^      & �l                     & �P��                 \\ \hline \hline
$g$           & 9.806                  & $\mathrm{m/s^{2}}$   & $\Delta z_0$  & 5                      & $\mathrm{km}$          \\ 
$a$           & $6.371 \times 10^{6}$  & $\mathrm{m}$         & $z_0$         & 22                     & $\mathrm{km}$          \\ 
$\Omega$      & $7.292 \times 10^{-5}$ & $1/s$               & $z_1$         & 30                     & $\mathrm{km}$          \\ 
$R$           & 287                    & $\mathrm{J /(kg \cdot K)}$    & $\hat{T}$     & 1                      & $\mathrm{K}$           \\ %$\kappa$      & 2/7                    &                        \\ %\hline
%$C_p$         & $R/\kappa$             & $J /(kg \cdot K)$      \\ %\hline
$p_0$         & $10^5$                 & $\mathrm{Pa}$        & $\lambda_0$   & 0                      & $\mathrm{rad}$         \\ 
$H$           & 7.34                   & $\mathrm{km}$        & $\phi_0$      & $\pi/4$                & $\mathrm{rad}$         \\ 
$u_0$         & 50                     & $\mathrm{m/s}$       & $\alpha$      & 1/3                    &                        \\
$\beta$       & 1/6                    &                      & $\nu$         & $7.0 \times 10^5$      & $\mathrm{m^2/s^{-1}}$ 
\\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{Polvani et al. (2004) �̐ݒ�ɂ�����p�����^���܂Ƃ߂��\.}
\label{fig:Polvani_parameter}
\end{center}
\end{table}
\bigskip

�ȏ�̂悤�Ȋ�{����l���Ă���.

���̊�{��ɑ΂��āA�ȉ��̏�������邱�Ƃɂ���.
\begin{align}
T'(\lambda, \phi) 
= \hat{T} \mathrm{sech}^2 
  \left( \frac{\lambda - \lambda_0}{\alpha} \right)
  \mathrm{sech}^2 
  \left( \frac{\phi - \phi_0}{\beta} \right) \\
\mathrm{for} - \pi < \lambda < \pi . \nonumber
\end{align}
Polvani et al. (2004) �ł�, 
�e�w�ɏ��^����ݒ�ƂȂ��Ă���.

\chapter{�v�Z����}
%\section{�v�Z����}      % �߂̎n�߂���̏ꍇ�͂��̃R�}���h���g�p����
\markright{\arabic{chapter}%.\arabic{section}
�v�Z����} %  �߂̑薼���������ނ���
%\markright{�v�Z����} %  �߂̑薼���������ނ���

�X���s�����ł̏�̎��Ԕ��W���v�Z����.
��̗^�����͈ȉ��� 4 �ʂ���s����.

\begin{itemize}
\item �����w�S�Ăɏ��^����(Polvani et al. (2004))
\item ���Η�����w(11km)�݂̂ɗ^����
\item ���Η������w(0km)�݂̂ɗ^����
\item ���Η�����w(11km)�Ɖ��w(0km)�ɗ^����
\end{itemize}

���̌���, �ǂ̏ꍇ�ɂ����Ă��k�� 45 �x�Ɩk�� 60 �x�t�߂�
����ł��������邱�Ƃ��m�F���ꂽ����, 
�ȉ��̎����ł͖k�� 45 �x�Ɩk�� 60 �x�ł̏�̕ω��ɒ��ڂ��Ă���.
�܂�, �e�ꍇ�Ƃ��ł��������Ă�����Ԃ�I��Ō��ʂ��f�ڂ���.

������O��Ƃ�, ��̎��Ԕ��W�ɂ��Ĉȉ�����͂���.
%\begin{itemize}
\begin{enumerate}
%\item �k�� 45 �x, $\theta=340K$�̓����ʖʂɂ�����Q�ʏ�̕ϓ�
\item �k�� 45 �x�ł̉Q�ʏ�̕ϓ�
  \begin{enumerate}
%  \begin{itemize}
  \item �Η�����w($\theta=340K$�̓����ʖ�)�ł̉Q�ʏ�
  \item �n�\�t��($\sigma=0.75$)�ł̉��ʏ�
%  \end{itemize}
  \end{enumerate}
%
\item �k�� 60 �x�ł̉Q�ʏ�̕ϓ�
  \begin{enumerate}
%  \begin{itemize}
  \item �Η�����w($\theta=340K$�̓����ʖ�)�ł̉Q�ʏ�
  \item �n�\�t��($\sigma=0.75$)�ł̉��ʏ�
%  \end{itemize}
  \end{enumerate}
%
\item �Η������w�ł̏�̎��Ԕ��W
  \begin{enumerate}
%  \begin{itemize}
  \item �Η������w($\theta=300K$�̓����ʖ�)�ł̉Q�ʏ�
  \item �n�\�t��($\sigma=0.52$�̓�$\sigma$��)�ł̉Q�x��
%  \end{itemize}
  \end{enumerate}
%
\item �Η������w�ł̏�̎��Ԕ��W 1
  \begin{enumerate}
%  \begin{itemize}
  \item �Η������w($\theta=280K$�̓����ʖ�)�ł̉Q�ʏ�
  \item �n�\�t��($\sigma=0.75$�̓�$\sigma$��)�ł̉Q�x��
%  \end{itemize}
  \end{enumerate}
%
\item �Η������w�ł̏�̎��Ԕ��W 2
  \begin{enumerate}
%  \begin{itemize}
  \item �n�\�t��($\sigma=0.75$�̓�$\sigma$��)�ł̋C����
  \item �n�\�t��($\sigma=0.75$�̓�$\sigma$��)�ł̉��x��
%  \end{itemize}
  \end{enumerate}
%
\item ����-�����f��(�k�� 45 �x)�ł̉Q��/���ʏ�ƉQ�x��̕ϓ�
  \begin{enumerate}
%  \begin{itemize}
  \item �Q�ʏ�Ɖ��ʏ���d�˂�����
  \item �Q�x��
%  \end{itemize}
  \end{enumerate}
\item ����-�����f��(�k�� 60 �x)�ł̉Q��/���ʏ�ƉQ�x��̕ϓ�
  \begin{enumerate}
%  \begin{itemize}
  \item �Q�ʏ�Ɖ��ʏ���d�˂��}
  \item �Q�x��
%  \end{itemize}
  \end{enumerate}
\item ��k-�����f�ʂł̉Q��/���ʏ�ƉQ�x��̕ϓ�
  \begin{enumerate}
%  \begin{itemize}
  \item �Q�ʏ�Ɖ��ʏ���d�˂��}
  \item �Q�x��
%  \end{itemize}
  \end{enumerate}
%\end{itemize}
\end{enumerate}
%
1, 2 �ł͑Η�����w�Ɖ��w�ł̉Q�ʃA�m�}���[�̎��ԕω��������Ă���.
��ɓˋN���Ă��镔���͐��̃A�m�}���[������, 
���ɓˋN���Ă��镔���͕��̃A�m�}���[������.
%2.3 �߂ŏq�ׂ��悤��, 
%�Q�ʕۑ����𖞂����`�ő��݂���̂����X�r�[�g�ł���̂�, 
%1(a), 2(a) ��$\theta=340K$�̓����ʖʏ�ł̉Q�ʏ�̕ϓ��ɂ����
%���X�r�[�g�̓`�d�󋵂̕ω����m�F���Ă���.
2.1 �߂��, 
���w�̉Q�ʃA�m�}���[�͒n�\�ʂ̉��ʕ��z�ɑΉ����Ă��邽��, 
���w�̉Q�ʃA�m�}���[�̕��z�ɂ��Ă�, ���x�̕ϓ��ɂ��\���Ă���.

��͂̒��Ŏ��ԂƂƂ��ɐU�����傫���Ȃ��Ă���̂�, 
2.4 �߂Ŏ������悤��
�V�A�[�����ŏ�w�Ɖ��w�̃��X�r�[�g�����ݍ�p���Ă��邽�߂ł���ƍl������.

3, 4 �ł�, ���ʖʏ�ł̉Q�ʕ��z�̎��ԕω���
���̂Ƃ��̉Q�x��̕ω���\���Ă���.
3(a), 4(a) �͒��ܓx�ł̂��ꂼ��Η������w�Ɖ��w��\���Ă���.
3(b), 4(b) �͒��w�Ɖ��w�̉Q�x��ł���.

5 �͉��w�ł̋C����Ɖ��x��̎��ԕω����L�q����.

6, 7 �͓���-�����f��(�k�� 45, 60 �x) �Ō���
�Q�ʕ��z�Ɖ��ʕ��z�̕ω���\���Ă���.
�f�ʂ͈̔͂ƂȂ�o�x��, ��̎��Ԕ��W�̌�����ꏊ��I�񂾂���, 
�e�����ݒ育�ƂɈقȂ��Ă���.

8 �͓�k-�����f�ʂŌ���
�Q�ʕ��z�Ɖ��ʕ��z�̕ω���\���Ă���.
�f�ʂ����o�x��, ��̎��Ԕ��W�̌�����ꏊ��I�񂾂���, 
�e���Ԃ��ƂɌ����f�ʂ͈قȂ��Ă���.
�܂��f�ʂ͈̔͂ƂȂ�ܓx��, �k�� 15 - 80 �x�͈̔͂ŉ�͂��Ă���.


%\section{Polvani et al. (2004)�̐ݒ�ł̉Q�ʏ�̌v�Z����}
\section{Polvani et al. (2004)�̐ݒ�ɂ�����}

\markright{\arabic{chapter}.\arabic{section}
Polvani et al. (2004)�̐ݒ�ɂ�����} %  �߂̑薼���������ނ���


�����ł͏�� Polvani et al. (2004) �̐ݒ�ɏ]���ė^�����ꍇ���l����.
���̂Ƃ��� 10 ���ڂ��� 14 ���ڂŏ���ł����B���Ă���. 

10 ���ڂ�, �k�� 45 �x, 60 �x�Ƃ���, 
��w�ɂ�, �o�x 90 �x, 140 �x, 200 �x�t�߂ɐ��̉Q�ʃA�m�}���[(�Ȍ�, �A�m�}���[A1,A2,A3)�������, 
���w�ɂ�, �o�x 110�x, 160 �x, 220 �x�t�߂ɐ��̉��x�΍�(�Ȍ�, �A�m�}���[B1,B2,B3)��������
%(�}$\ref{fig:Polvanietal.200445N}$, �}$\ref{fig:Polvanietal.200460N}$).
(�}\ref{fig:Polvani et al.(2004)�ł�45N �̉Q�ʏ�}, �}\ref{fig:Polvani et al.(2004)�ł�60N �̉Q�ʏ�}).
%
A1 �� B1 �͂��̎��_�ŃA�m�}���[�̒l���ł��傫���Ȃ��Ă���, ����ȏ�傫���Ȃ�Ȃ���, 
���̑��̃A�m�}���[�ɂ��Ă͎��ԂƂƂ��ɂ��̒l���傫���Ȃ��Ă���.

�ʑ��̈ʒu��, 
A1 �� B1, A2 �� B2, A3 �� B3 �̑g�ݍ��킹�ł��ꂼ��, 
���w�̔g�̈ʒu����w�̔g���� $1/4$ �g���������ɂ���Č݂��ɋ��ߍ����ʒu�ɂ���, 
�ʑ����x���قڋ߂��Ȃ��Ă��邱�Ƃ���, 
���̂Ƃ����X�r�[�g�̋����N���Ă���ƍl������.
A2 �� B2 �� 11-12 ���ڂɂ����čł��U�����傫���Ȃ�, 
A3 �� B3 �� 12-13 ���ڂɂ����čł��U�����傫���Ȃ��Ă���.

���̂Ƃ��̑Η������w�Ɖ��w�̏��\�����̂�, 
�}\ref{fig:Polvani et al.(2004)�ł̒��w��C�̉Q�ʂƉQ�x��}, 
�}\ref{fig:Polvani et al.(2004)�ł̉��w��C�̉Q�ʂƉQ�x��}, 
�}\ref{fig:Polvani et al.(2004)�ł̉��w�̋C����, ���x��} �ł���.

���̊��Ԃ̎��ԕω��𓙉��ʖʏォ��݂��Q�ʏ�̎��ԕω��Ō������̂�
�}\ref{fig:Polvani et al.(2004)�ł̒��w��C�̉Q�ʂƉQ�x��}(��)�ł���.
���X�r�[�g�̋��ɂ��, �g�̐U���͑傫���Ȃ邽��, 
���̉Q�ʃA�m�}���[�͓����ʖʂɉ����ē쉺����x�������傫���Ȃ�.
%
���ʖʂ̓�k�X�x��, ��ɍs���قǉ������ɌX���Ă���̂�, 
�쉺����ɂ�ĉQ�ʃA�m�}���[�����~����.
%
�����ł� 1.5 PVU �ȏ�͐��w��, 1 PVU �ȉ��͑Η����������Ă���Ƃ����, 
���w���ɂ�������C����̔��B�œ쉺���邱�Ƃɂ��Η����ɓ����Ă���.
%
1.5 PVU �̃R���^�[�Ō����, 
A2 �ɂ��Ă� 11-12 ���ڂ�, 
A3 �̂Ƃ���ł� 12-13 ���ڂŖk�� 45-50 �x�t�߂܂œ쉺��, 
�Q�ʂ̍����l������C���Η������w�܂ŐN�����Ă��邱�Ƃ��\�z�����
(����ɂ��Ă͌�̓�k�f�ʐ}�̍l�@�̍ۂɏڂ����q�ׂ�).
%
�Q�ʂɂ���Đ�����g�̉����X�P�[���͐�Ɏ������悤�� $fL/N$ �ł��邩��, 
����x�͑Η����̕������w���ɔ�ׂĔ��ɏ������̂�, 
�Η����ɓ��邱�Ƃŉ����X�P�[���͑傫���Ȃ�.
���ʂƂ��Ă��̋�C�̎����ΉQ�x�͋��߂���Ɖ��߂ł���. \\
%
���̌��ʂ�������̂�
�}\ref{fig:Polvani et al.(2004)�ł̒��w��C�̉Q�ʂƉQ�x��}(�E), 
�}\ref{fig:Polvani et al.(2004)�ł̉��w��C�̉Q�ʂƉQ�x��}(�E) 
�ł���.
���̂Ƃ��� A2 �� B2 ����������z�ɒ��ڂ���.
�Η������w�̏z��\����, �}\ref{fig:Polvani et al.(2004)�ł̒��w��C�̉Q�ʂƉQ�x��}�̉E�}�������, 
11 - 12 ���ڂɂ͌o�x 160 - 180 �x�ɂ�����, A2 �� B2 �̋��ɂ���Đ������Ǝv����z��������.
���w�ł�, 
�}\ref{fig:Polvani et al.(2004)�ł̉��w��C�̉Q�ʂƉQ�x��}�ɂ���, 
12- 13 ���ڂɂ����Čo�x 180 �x�t�߂ɂĐ��̉Q�x�̒l���ł��傫���Ȃ��Ă���.
���̂Ƃ��n�\�t�߂̋C����Ɖ��x��̏󋵂�, 
�}\ref{fig:Polvani et al.(2004)�ł̉��w�̋C����, ���x��}���, ������C��������, 
�g�C�ڗ������܂��Ă��邱�Ƃ��������.

A3 �� B3 �̋��ɂ���Đ����Ă����̔��B�����l�Ɋm�F���邱�Ƃ��ł���.

�܂��}\ref{fig:Polvani et al.(2004)�ł�60N �̉Q�ʏ�}���, 
�k�� 60 �x�ł͓���, 12 - 13 ���ڂ̊ԂŒn�\�t�߂̔g�̐U�����}���ɋ��܂��Ă���, 
���̂��Ƃ��}\ref{fig:Polvani et al.(2004)�ł̉��w��C�̉Q�ʂƉQ�x��}���番����悤��
��̋}���Ȑ����Ɍq�����Ă��邱�Ƃ����Ď���.


�Ȃ�, A2, A3 �Ɣ�r���� A1 �͓ˋN��̕����̕����L������, 
���̋�C���U�N����Q�x��̑傫�����傫���Ȃ��Ă��邱�Ƃ�������. \\


����ɍ��x��, ��̔��B�����̈��؂�o���Ă��̎��ԕω���, 
�����f�ʂƓ�k�f�ʂŒ��ׂ邱�Ƃɂ���.
�����ł͓��� A2 �ɂ���Đ������̔��B�ɒ��ڂ�������, 
�}\ref{fig:Polvani et al.(2004)�̏ꍇ�̖k�� 45 �x�ɂ����铌���f��}��
�}\ref{fig:Polvani et al.(2004)�̏ꍇ�̖k�� 60 �x�ɂ����铌���f��}�ł�, 
�o�x�� 130 - 230 �x�͈̔͂Ő؂�o���Čf�ڂ��Ă���.

�k�� 45 �x�ɂ������̔��B�Ɋւ��Ă݂��, 
10 ���̎��_�ł�, 
�Η�����w�ɂ͌o�x 145 �x�t�߂ɉQ�ʂ̃A�m�}���[�����݂�, 
����ɂ���Đ������ꂽ���Q�x�̒��S�̈�(�l��$4.0 \times 10^{-5} s^{-1}$�ȏ�̗̈�)��, 
$\sigma=0.4$ �̍��x�ɑ��݂���.
���̂Ƃ�, ���w�̉Q�͋����l�������Ă��Ȃ�.
��������w�ŉQ�x�̒l�̑傫���̈�͎��ԂƂƂ��ɉ��~��, 
�����w�ŏ�̍ł����B���Ă��� 11-12 ���ڂɂȂ�ƍő�$\sigma=0.55$�̂�����܂ŉ��~���Ă���.
����͉��ʖʏ���Q�ʂ̒l�̑傫����C�����~���Ă��邱�Ƃƈ�v���Ă���, 
����ɂ���ĉ��w�ɑ��݂��Ă��鏬���ȏ�Ƒ��ݍ�p��, 
���w�ɂ���z����������Ă���l�q�����邱�Ƃ��ł���.

�k�� 60 �x�ł̒f�ʐ}�ł͉Q�̋����̗l�q�����N���ɕ`����Ă���.
�k�� 60 �x�̐}�̕��ł�, �J�b�v�����O����O�̉��w�̏����苭���Ȃ��Ă���.

�ł͍��x�͂��̂Ƃ��̓�k�f�ʂ������, ���̂悤�ɂȂ��Ă���
�}\ref{fig:Polvani et al.(2004)�̏ꍇ�̓�k�f��}.
�����, A2 �� B2 �̃A�m�}���[�ɂ���Đ������̔��B�ɒ��ڂ�������, 
�e�o�x�f�ʂ͏�̒��S�Ŏ���Ă���.

10 ���ڂ̎��_�ł� �k�� 40 �x�t�߂Ő������x�X�x���傫���Ȃ�, 
�����ł̉Q�ʂ̒l�̌��z���傫���Ȃ��Ă��邱�Ƃ��m�F�ł���.
�k�� 40 �x�t�߂ł͎��ԂƂƂ��ɉQ�ʂ̒l�̑傫���̈悪���~���Ă���, 
����ɂ��������ĉQ�ʂ̒l�̌��z�͑傫���Ȃ��Ă���.
�ł����~���Ă���̂� 12 ���ڂ�, ���̂Ƃ��Q�x�̒l�̑傫���̈���ł����~���Ă���.

�܂����̂Ƃ��͖k�� 60 �x�ł��Q�ʂ̒l�̑傫�ȗ̈�̉��~���݂���.
������� 10 ���ڂɂ͂قƂ�ǌ���ꂸ���ʖʂ̏W�������݂��Ȃ���, 
12 - 13 ���ɂ����ĉ��ʖʂ̌��z���}�ɂȂ�, 
�Q�ʂ̒l�̑傫�ȗ̈悪�}���ɉ��~����.

���̂Ƃ�, �n�\�t�߂ł͏���ł����B���Ă���l�q��������.


\renewcommand{\subfigbottomskip}{0pt}
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{5pt}
%########################################################%
%########################################################%
\begin{figure}[tp]
\begin{center}
\subfigure[10day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 153 180,clip]{./Basic_pv/dcl_Basic_x-IPV340_lat45_time10.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[10day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 120 180,clip]{./Basic_temp/dcl_Basic_Temp_lat45_time10.eps}} \\
%\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 145 170 200 180,clip]{./Basic_pv/dcl_Basic_PotVor_lat45_time10.eps} \\
%
\subfigure[11day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 153 180,clip]{./Basic_pv/dcl_Basic_x-IPV340_lat45_time11.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[11day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 120 180,clip]{./Basic_temp/dcl_Basic_Temp_lat45_time11.eps}}\\
%\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 145 170 200 180,clip]{./Basic_pv/dcl_Basic_PotVor_lat45_time11.eps} \\
%
\subfigure[12day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 153 180,clip]{./Basic_pv/dcl_Basic_x-IPV340_lat45_time12.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[12day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 120 180,clip]{./Basic_temp/dcl_Basic_Temp_lat45_time12.eps}} \\
%\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 145 170 200 180,clip]{./Basic_pv/dcl_Basic_PotVor_lat45_time12.eps} \\
%
\subfigure[13day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 153 180,clip]{./Basic_pv/dcl_Basic_x-IPV340_lat45_time13.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[13day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 120 180,clip]{./Basic_temp/dcl_Basic_Temp_lat45_time13.eps}} \\
%\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 145 170 200 180,clip]{./Basic_pv/dcl_Basic_PotVor_lat45_time13.eps} \\
%
\subfigure[14day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 153 180,clip]{./Basic_pv/dcl_Basic_x-IPV340_lat45_time14.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[14day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 120 180,clip]{./Basic_temp/dcl_Basic_Temp_lat45_time14.eps}} \\
%\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 145 170 200 180,clip]{./Basic_pv/dcl_Basic_PotVor_lat45_time14.eps} %\\
%
%\includegraphics[width=4cm,trim= 130 170 320 175,clip]{./Basic_pv/dcl_Basic_x-IPV340_lat45_time15.eps}
%\subfigure[15day]{\includegraphics[width=4cm,trim= 130 170 320 175,clip]{./Basic_pv/dcl_Basic_x-IPV280_lat45_time15.eps}}
%\includegraphics[width=4cm,trim= 145 170 320 175,clip]{./Basic_pv/dcl_Basic_PotVor_lat45_time15.eps} 
\caption{\vtop{\hsize=30zw
         \small Polvani et al. (2004) �̐ݒ��, 
         �k�� 45 �x�ɂ�����, 10 ���ڂ��� 14 ���܂ł�
         �Η�����w�̓����ʉQ�ʂ̒l�ƑΗ������w�̉��x�΍��̒l�̎��ԕω�. 
         ���̐}�� $\theta=340 \mathrm{K}$��(�Η����E�ʕt��)�̉Q�ʂ̕ω���\��, 
         �E�̐}��$\sigma=0.975$(�n�\�t��)�̉��x�΍��̎��ԕω���\���Ă���.
         �����͂Ƃ��Ɍo�x, 
         �c���͍��}�ł͉Q��(�P�ʂ�PVU[$10^{-6} \mathrm{m^2 s^{-1} K kg^{-1}}$])��, 
         �E�}�ŏc���͉��x(�P�ʂ͓x)��\��.
         } }
%\label{fig:Polvanietal.200445N}
\label{fig:Polvani et al.(2004)�ł�45N �̉Q�ʏ�}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

%################################################################################
%################################################################################
\renewcommand{\subfigbottomskip}{0pt}
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{5pt}
\setcounter{totalnumber}{12}
%########################################################%
%########################################################%
\begin{figure}[tp]
\begin{center}
\subfigure[10day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 145 180,clip]{./Basic_pv/dcl_Basic_x-IPV340_lat60_time10.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[10day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 120 180,clip]{./Basic_temp/dcl_Basic_Temp_lat60_time10.eps}} \\
%\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 145 170 200 180,clip]{./Basic_pv/dcl_Basic_PotVor_lat60_time10.eps} \\
%
\subfigure[11day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 145 180,clip]{./Basic_pv/dcl_Basic_x-IPV340_lat60_time11.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[11day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 120 180,clip]{./Basic_temp/dcl_Basic_Temp_lat60_time11.eps}} \\
%\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 145 170 200 180,clip]{./Basic_pv/dcl_Basic_PotVor_lat60_time11.eps} \\
%
\subfigure[12day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 145 180,clip]{./Basic_pv/dcl_Basic_x-IPV340_lat60_time12.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[12day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 120 180,clip]{./Basic_temp/dcl_Basic_Temp_lat60_time12.eps}} \\
%\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 145 170 200 180,clip]{./Basic_pv/dcl_Basic_PotVor_lat60_time12.eps} \\
%
\subfigure[13day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 145 180,clip]{./Basic_pv/dcl_Basic_x-IPV340_lat60_time13.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[13day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 120 180,clip]{./Basic_temp/dcl_Basic_Temp_lat60_time13.eps}} \\
%\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 145 170 200 180,clip]{./Basic_pv/dcl_Basic_PotVor_lat60_time13.eps} \\
%
\subfigure[14day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 145 180,clip]{./Basic_pv/dcl_Basic_x-IPV340_lat60_time14.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[14day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 120 180,clip]{./Basic_temp/dcl_Basic_Temp_lat60_time14.eps}} \\
%\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 145 170 200 180,clip]{./Basic_pv/dcl_Basic_PotVor_lat60_time14.eps} %\\
%
%\includegraphics[width=4cm,trim= 130 170 320 175,clip]{./Basic_pv/dcl_Basic_x-IPV340_lat60_time15.eps}
%\subfigure[15day]{\includegraphics[width=4cm,trim= 130 170 320 175,clip]{./Basic_pv/dcl_Basic_x-IPV280_lat60_time15.eps}}
%\includegraphics[width=4cm,trim= 145 170 320 175,clip]{./Basic_pv/dcl_Basic_PotVor_lat60_time15.eps} 
\caption{\vtop{\hsize=30zw
         \small Polvani et al. (2004) �̐ݒ��, 
         �k�� 60 �x�ɂ�����, 10 ���ڂ��� 14 ���܂ł�
         �Η�����w�̓����ʉQ�ʂ̒l�ƑΗ������w�̉��x�΍��̒l�̎��ԕω�. 
         ���̐}�� $\theta=340 \mathrm{K}$��(�Η����E�ʕt��)�̉Q�ʂ̕ω���\��, 
         �E�̐}��$\sigma=0.975$(�n�\�t��)�̉��x�΍��̎��ԕω���\���Ă���.
         �����͂Ƃ��Ɍo�x, 
         �c���͍��}�ł͉Q��(�P�ʂ�PVU[$10^{-6} \mathrm{m^2 s^{-1} K kg^{-1}}$])��, 
         �E�}�ŏc���͉��x(�P�ʂ͓x)��\��.
         } }
%\label{fig:Polvanietal.200460N}
\label{fig:Polvani et al.(2004)�ł�60N �̉Q�ʏ�}
\end{center}
\end{figure}


%######################################################################
% ���������, 300K ��, 280K ��IPV
%######################################################################
%######################################################################
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{-7pt}
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{5pt}
\begin{figure}[tp]
\begin{center} 
\subfigure[10day, 300K �ʉQ��]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_pv/dcl_Basic_IPV300_xy_time10.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[10day, 500hPa �ʉQ�x]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_vor/dcl_Basic_vor_sig0.5_time10.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[11day, 300K �ʉQ��]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_pv/dcl_Basic_IPV300_xy_time11.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[11day, 500hPa �ʉQ�x]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_vor/dcl_Basic_vor_sig0.5_time11.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[12day, 300K �ʉQ��]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_pv/dcl_Basic_IPV300_xy_time12.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[12day, 500hPa �ʉQ�x]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_vor/dcl_Basic_vor_sig0.5_time12.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[13day, 300K �ʉQ��]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_pv/dcl_Basic_IPV300_xy_time13.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[13day, 500hPa �ʉQ�x]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_vor/dcl_Basic_vor_sig0.5_time13.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[14day, 300K �ʉQ��]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_pv/dcl_Basic_IPV300_xy_time14.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[14day, 500hPa �ʉQ�x]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_vor/dcl_Basic_vor_sig0.5_time14.eps}}%
%\subfigure[15day, 300K �ʉQ��]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 320 180,clip]{./Basic_pv/dcl_Basic_IPV300_xy_time15.eps}}
%\hspace{1cm}
%\subfigure[15day, 500hPa �ʉQ�x]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 320 180,clip]{./Basic_vor/dcl_Basic_vor_sig0.5_time15.eps}} 
%
%\footnotesize
\caption{\vtop{\hsize=30zw
%        \footnotesize
         \small 
         Polvani et al. (2004) �̐ݒ��, 
         10 ���ڂ��� 14 ���܂ł�
         300K �ʉQ�ʏ�(��)�� 500hPa �ʉQ�x��(�E) �̎��ԕω�. 
         �Ƃ��ɉ����͌o�x, �c���͈ܓx(15-80�x). 
         �Q�ʏ�̒P�ʂ�PVU[$10^{-6} \mathrm{m^2 s^{-1} K kg^{-1}}$]. 
         �R���^�[��, 1PVU �� 2PVU �Ɏ�����, 1.5 PVU �ɓ_���������Ă���.
         �Q�x��̓R���^�[�̊Ԋu��, $1 \times 10^{-5} \mathrm{s^{-1}}$. 
         } }
\label{fig:Polvani et al.(2004)�ł̒��w��C�̉Q�ʂƉQ�x��}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
%
%######################################################################
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{5pt}
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{-7pt}
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{0pt}
%\renewcommand{\topfraction}{.05}
\begin{figure}[tp]
\begin{center}
\subfigure[10day, 280K �ʉQ��]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_pv/dcl_Basic_IPV280_xy_time10.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[10day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̉Q�x]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_vor/dcl_Basic_vor_sig1.0_time10.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[11day, 280K �ʉQ��]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_pv/dcl_Basic_IPV280_xy_time11.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[11day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̉Q�x]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_vor/dcl_Basic_vor_sig1.0_time11.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[12day, 280K �ʉQ��]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_pv/dcl_Basic_IPV280_xy_time12.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[12day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̉Q�x]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_vor/dcl_Basic_vor_sig1.0_time12.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[13day, 280K �ʉQ��]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_pv/dcl_Basic_IPV280_xy_time13.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[13day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̉Q�x]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_vor/dcl_Basic_vor_sig1.0_time13.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[14day, 280K �ʉQ��]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_pv/dcl_Basic_IPV280_xy_time14.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[14day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̉Q�x]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_vor/dcl_Basic_vor_sig1.0_time14.eps}} %\\
%
%\subfigure[15day, 280K �ʉQ��]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 320 180,clip]{./Basic_pv/dcl_Basic_IPV280_xy_time15.eps}}
%\subfigure[15day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̉Q�x]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 320 180,clip]{./Basic_vor/dcl_Basic_vor_sig1.0_time15.eps}}
%
\caption{\vtop{\hsize=30zw
%        \footnotesize
         \small 
         Polvani et al. (2004) �̐ݒ��, 
         10 ���ڂ��� 14 ���܂ł�
         280K �ʉQ�ʏ�(��)�� �n�\�ʕt�߂̉Q�x��(�E) �̎��ԕω�. 
         �Ƃ��ɉ����͌o�x, �c���͈ܓx(15-80�x). 
         �Q�ʏ�̒P�ʂ�PVU[$10^{-6} \mathrm{m^2 s^{-1} K kg^{-1}}$]. 
         �R���^�[��, 1PVU �� 2PVU �Ɏ�����, 1.5 PVU �ɓ_���������Ă���.
         �Q�x��̓R���^�[�̊Ԋu��, $1 \times 10^{-5} \mathrm{s^{-1}}$. 
         } }
\label{fig:Polvani et al.(2004)�ł̉��w��C�̉Q�ʂƉQ�x��}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
%
%
%######################################################################
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{-7pt}
%\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{5pt}
\begin{figure}[tp]
\begin{center}
\subfigure[10day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̋C��]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_ps/dcl_Basic_ps_time10.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[10day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̉��x]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_temp/dcl_Basic_temp_sig1.0_time10.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[11day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̋C��]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_ps/dcl_Basic_ps_time11.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[11day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̉��x]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_temp/dcl_Basic_temp_sig1.0_time11.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[12day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̋C��]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_ps/dcl_Basic_ps_time12.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[12day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̉��x]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_temp/dcl_Basic_temp_sig1.0_time12.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[13day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̋C��]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_ps/dcl_Basic_ps_time13.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[13day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̉��x]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_temp/dcl_Basic_temp_sig1.0_time13.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[14day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̋C��]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_ps/dcl_Basic_ps_time14.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[14day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̉��x]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_temp/dcl_Basic_temp_sig1.0_time14.eps}} %\\
%
%\subfigure[15day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̋C��]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_ps/dcl_Basic_ps_time15.eps}}
%\subfigure[15day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̉��x]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_temp/dcl_Basic_temp_sig1.0_time15.eps}}
\caption{\vtop{\hsize=30zw
%         \footnotesize
         \small Polvani et al. (2004) �̐ݒ��, 
         �n�\�ʕt�߂ɂ�����, 10 ���ڂ��� 14 ���܂ł�
         �C����(��), ���x��(�E)�̎��ԕω�. 
         �C����͓��l���̊Ԋu��, $2.5 \times 10^{2} \mathrm{hPa}$.
         ���x��̓��l���̊Ԋu��, $2.5 \mathrm{K}$.
         �Ƃ��ɉ����͌o�x, �c���͈ܓx(15-80�x). 
         } }
\label{fig:Polvani et al.(2004)�ł̉��w�̋C����, ���x��}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

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% �k�� 45 �x�̓����f��
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\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{-7pt}
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\begin{figure}[tp]
\begin{center}
\subfigure[10day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_pv-pt/dcl_Basic_PV-PTemp_lat45_time10.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[10day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_vor/dcl_Basic_vor_lat45_time10.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[11day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_pv-pt/dcl_Basic_PV-PTemp_lat45_time11.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[11day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_vor/dcl_Basic_vor_lat45_time11.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[12day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_pv-pt/dcl_Basic_PV-PTemp_lat45_time12.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[12day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_vor/dcl_Basic_vor_lat45_time12.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[13day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_pv-pt/dcl_Basic_PV-PTemp_lat45_time13.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[13day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_vor/dcl_Basic_vor_lat45_time13.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[14day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_pv-pt/dcl_Basic_PV-PTemp_lat45_time14.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[14day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_vor/dcl_Basic_vor_lat45_time14.eps}} %\\
%
%\subfigure[15day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_pv-pt/dcl_Basic_PV-PTemp_lat45_time15.eps}}
%\subfigure[15day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_vor/dcl_Basic_vor_lat45_time15.eps}} \\
%
\caption{\vtop{\hsize=30zw
         \small Polvani et al. (2004) �̐ݒ��, 
         �k�� 45 �x�ɂ�����, 10 ���ڂ��� 14 ���܂ł̓����f�ʐ}.
         (��)�͉Q�ʂƉ��ʂ̏�, (�E)�͉Q�x��̎��ԕω�. 
         �Q�ʂ͍������ŕ\�����. �R���^�[�Ԋu��, �PPVU �܂ł�0.1 PVU, 1PVU �ȏ��1.5,2.0,4.0,6.0 PVU �ň����Ă���.
         ���ʂ͐F������. �R���^�[�Ԋu�� 2.5 K.
         �Q�x�̃R���^�[�Ԋu�� $1\times 10^{-5} \mathrm{s^{-1}}$.
         �Ƃ��ɉ����͌o�x(130-230�x), �c���͍��x($\sigma=1.0-0.22$). 
          } }
\label{fig:Polvani et al.(2004)�̏ꍇ�̖k�� 45 �x�ɂ����铌���f��}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
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% �k�� 45 �x�̓����f��
%######################################################################
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\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{-7pt}
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{5pt}
\begin{figure}[tp]
\begin{center}
\subfigure[10day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_pv-pt/dcl_Basic_PV-PTemp_lat60_time10.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[10day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_vor/dcl_Basic_vor_lat60_time10.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[11day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_pv-pt/dcl_Basic_PV-PTemp_lat60_time11.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[11day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_vor/dcl_Basic_vor_lat60_time11.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[12day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_pv-pt/dcl_Basic_PV-PTemp_lat60_time12.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[12day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_vor/dcl_Basic_vor_lat60_time12.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[13day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_pv-pt/dcl_Basic_PV-PTemp_lat60_time13.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[13day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_vor/dcl_Basic_vor_lat60_time13.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[14day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_pv-pt/dcl_Basic_PV-PTemp_lat60_time14.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[14day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_vor/dcl_Basic_vor_lat60_time14.eps}} %\\
%
%\subfigure[15day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_pv-pt/dcl_Basic_PV-PTemp_lat60_time15.eps}}
%\subfigure[15day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_vor/dcl_Basic_vor_lat60_time15.eps}} \\
%
\caption{\vtop{\hsize=30zw
         \small Polvani et al. (2004) �̐ݒ��, 
        �k�� 60 �x�ɂ�����, 10 ���ڂ��� 14 ���܂ł̓����f�ʐ}.
         (��)�͉Q�ʂƉ��ʂ̏�, (�E)�͉Q�x��̎��ԕω�. 
         �Q�ʂ͍������ŕ\�����. �R���^�[�Ԋu��, �PPVU �܂ł�0.1 PVU, 1PVU �ȏ��1.5,2.0,4.0,6.0 PVU �ň����Ă���.
         ���ʂ͐F������. �R���^�[�Ԋu�� 2.5 K.
         �Q�x�̃R���^�[�Ԋu�� $1\times 10^{-5} \mathrm{s^{-1}}$.
         �Ƃ��ɉ����͌o�x(130-230�x), �c���͍��x($\sigma=1.0-0.22$). 
%%         �C����͍ő�l�� $1030 \times 10^{2} \mathrm{s^{-1}}$, �ŏ��l�� $930 \times 10^{2} \mathrm{s^{-1}}$.
%         ���l���̊Ԋu��, $2.5 \times 10^{2} \mathrm{s^{-1}}$.
%         ���x��͍ő�l�� $292.5 \mathrm{K}$, �ŏ��l�� $247.5 \mathrm{K}$. ���l���̊Ԋu��, $2.5 \mathrm{K}$.
          } }
\label{fig:Polvani et al.(2004)�̏ꍇ�̖k�� 60 �x�ɂ����铌���f��}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
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% ��k�f��
%######################################################################
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\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{-7pt}
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{5pt}
\begin{figure}[tp]
\begin{center}
\subfigure[10day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_pv-pt/dcl_Basic_PV-PTemp_lon150_time10.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[10day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_vor/dcl_Basic_vor_lon150_time10.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[11day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_pv-pt/dcl_Basic_PV-PTemp_lon160_time11.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[11day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_vor/dcl_Basic_vor_lon160_time11.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[12day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_pv-pt/dcl_Basic_PV-PTemp_lon170_time12.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[12day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_vor/dcl_Basic_vor_lon170_time12.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[13day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_pv-pt/dcl_Basic_PV-PTemp_lon185_time13.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[13day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_vor/dcl_Basic_vor_lon185_time13.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[14day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_pv-pt/dcl_Basic_PV-PTemp_lon200_time14.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[14day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_vor/dcl_Basic_vor_lon200_time14.eps}} %\\
%
%\subfigure[15day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_pv-pt/dcl_Basic_PV-PTemp_lat45_time15.eps}}
%\subfigure[15day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_vor/dcl_Basic_vor_lat45_time15.eps}} \\
%
\caption{\vtop{\hsize=30zw
         \small Polvani et al. (2004) �̐ݒ��, 
         10 ���ڂ��� 14 ���܂ł̓�k�f�ʐ}.
         (��)�͉Q�ʂƉ��ʂ̏�, (�E)�͉Q�x��̎��ԕω�. 
         �Q�ʂ͍������ŕ\�����. �R���^�[�Ԋu��, �PPVU �܂ł�0.1 PVU, 1PVU �ȏ��1.5,2.0,4.0,6.0 PVU �ň����Ă���.
         ���ʂ͐F������. �R���^�[�Ԋu�� 2.5 K.
         �Q�x�̃R���^�[�Ԋu�� $1\times 10^{-5} \mathrm{s^{-1}}$.
         �Ƃ��ɉ����͈ܓx(15-80�x), �c���͍��x($\sigma=1.0-0.22$). 
          } }
\label{fig:Polvani et al.(2004)�̏ꍇ�̓�k�f��}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

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\clearpage
\section{�ʑ��̈ʒu, �u�����ɕω����������ꍇ}

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���������, Polvani et al. (2004) �̈ʑ��̈ʒu�ɕω�������, 
����ɂ��, �㉺�̔g�̍�p����̔��B�ɂǂ�قǉe�����Ă��邩�𒲂ׂ�.

%\section{Polvani et al. (2004)�̐ݒ�ł̉Q�ʏ�̌v�Z����}
\subsection{�������Η�����w�݂̂ɗ^�����ꍇ}

\markright{\arabic{chapter}.\arabic{section}
�������Η�����w�݂̂ɗ^�����ꍇ} %  �߂̑薼���������ނ���

�܂���, �������Η�����w�ɂ̂ݗ^�����ꍇ���L�q����.
�����ł�, ���Η����E��(���x $11 \mathrm{km}$)�ɗ^���邱�ƂƂ���.

���Ԃ͏�̔��B����Ԍ���ꂽ 20 - 24 ���ڂ����o���Ă���.

��{�I�ɔ��B�̎d���ɂ��Ă͕ς��Ȃ���, 
��w���w�Ƃ�, �Q�ʃA�m�}���[�̍ő�l�� Polvani et al. (2004) �̐ݒ�Ɣ�r���ď������Ȃ��Ă���.
�܂�, Polvani et al. (2004) �̐ݒ�ł� 10 ���ڑO��Ŋ��ɐU�����ϕ����Ԃ̒��ōő�ɂȂ��Ă���̂ɑ΂�, 

��ԉQ�ʃA�m�}���[���傫���Ȃ��� 20 ���ȍ~, 
��w�ł͌o�x 180 �x, 240 �x, 300 �x�t�߂ɐ��̉Q�ʃA�m�}���[(�Ȍ�, �A�m�}���[C1,C2,C3)�������, 
���w�ł͌o�x 200�x, 260 �x, 320 �x�t�߂ɐ��̉��x�΍�(�Ȍ�, �A�m�}���[D1,D2,D3)��������
(�}\ref{fig:��w�ɏ��^�����Ƃ��� 45N �̉Q�ʏ�}, �}\ref{fig:��w�ɏ��^�����Ƃ��� 60N �̉Q�ʏ�}).

C2, D2 �� 20 -22 ���ڂɂ����ăA�m�}���[�̒l���傫���Ȃ�, 
C3, D3 �� 21 - 23 ���ڂɂ����ăA�m�}���[�̒l���傫���Ȃ��Ă���.

���̂Ƃ�,  500 hPa �ʂ̉Q�x���, 
�k�� 45 �x�ɂ����ăA�m�}���[�������Ă���ӏ��ŏz������, 
���w�̏��\���n�\�t�߂̉Q�x���, 
D2 �ɑ΂��Ă� 22 - 23 ����, 
D3 �ɑ΂��Ă� 23 - 24 ���ڂɂ����ď���������Ă���
(�}\ref{fig:��w�ɏ��^�����Ƃ��̒��w��C�̉Q�ʂƉQ�x��},
 �}\ref{fig:��w�ɏ��^�����Ƃ��̉��w��C�̉Q�ʂƉQ�x��}).
����ɔ����Ēn�\�ʋC�����ቺ��, ���x�ڗ��������邪, 
Polvani et al. (2004) �̎����قǏ�͐������Ă��Ȃ����Ƃ�������
(�}\ref{fig:��w�ɏ��^�����Ƃ��̉��w�̋C����, ���x��}).

���̏ꍇ�ɂ͐U�����ő�ɐ�������܂ł� 20 �����x�������Ă���.
�����, �����w�ɂ����^���Ă��Ȃ�����, 
���̔g��������, ���w�Ƀ��X�r�[�g��������, ����Ƒ��ݍ�p����܂łɎ��Ԃ��������Ă�����̂Ǝv����.

���̊��Ԃ𓌐������Ɠ�k�����̒f�ʂŌ������̂�, 
�}\ref{fig:Polvani et al.(2004)�̏ꍇ�̖k�� 45 �x�ɂ����铌���f��}, 
�}\ref{fig:Polvani et al.(2004)�̏ꍇ�̖k�� 60 �x�ɂ����铌���f��},
�}\ref{fig:��w�ɏ��^�����Ƃ��̓�k�f��} �ł���.
�����f�ʂł�, ��w�Ɖ��w�̃A�m�}���[�̈ʒu��Polvani et al. (2004) �̐ݒ�̎����̂Ƃ��Ɣ�ׂė���Ă���l�q��������.
��k�f�ʂł����ʖʂ̏W���тœ��Q�ʐ��̐��ꉺ�����, Polvani et al. (2004) �̐ݒ�ɂ������Ɣ�ׂď�����.

����͏����w�݂̂ɂ��邱�Ƃ�, �S�w�ɗ^�����Ƃ��Ɣ�ׂ�
���X�r�[�g�̐U����������, ����ɂ��Q�ʂ̑傫���l�����̈悪�쉺���ɂ����������Ƃ������ł����
���������.

\renewcommand{\subfigbottomskip}{0pt}
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{5pt}
%########################################################%
%########################################################%
\begin{figure}[tp]
\begin{center}
\subfigure[20day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 153 180,clip]{./Top_pv/dcl_Top_x-IPV340_lat45_time20.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[20day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 120 180,clip]{./Top_temp/dcl_Top_Temp_lat45_time20.eps}} \\
%\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 145 170 200 180,clip]{./Top_pv/dcl_Top_PotVor_lat45_time20.eps} \\
%
\subfigure[21day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 153 180,clip]{./Top_pv/dcl_Top_x-IPV340_lat45_time21.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[21day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 120 180,clip]{./Top_temp/dcl_Top_Temp_lat45_time21.eps}} \\
%\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 145 170 200 180,clip]{./Top_pv/dcl_Top_PotVor_lat45_time21.eps} \\
%
\subfigure[22day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 153 180,clip]{./Top_pv/dcl_Top_x-IPV340_lat45_time22.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[22day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 120 180,clip]{./Top_temp/dcl_Top_Temp_lat45_time22.eps}} \\
%\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 145 170 200 180,clip]{./Top_pv/dcl_Top_PotVor_lat45_time22.eps} \\
%
\subfigure[23day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 153 180,clip]{./Top_pv/dcl_Top_x-IPV340_lat45_time23.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[23day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 120 180,clip]{./Top_temp/dcl_Top_Temp_lat45_time23.eps}} \\
%\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 145 170 200 180,clip]{./Top_pv/dcl_Top_PotVor_lat45_time23.eps} \\
%
\subfigure[24day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 153 180,clip]{./Top_pv/dcl_Top_x-IPV340_lat45_time24.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[24day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 120 180,clip]{./Top_temp/dcl_Top_Temp_lat45_time24.eps}}
%\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 145 170 200 180,clip]{./Top_pv/dcl_Top_PotVor_lat45_time24.eps} 
%
%\includegraphics[width=4cm,trim= 130 170 320 175,clip]{./Basic_pv/dcl_Basic_x-IPV340_lat45_time25.eps}
%\subfigure[15day]{\includegraphics[width=4cm,trim= 130 170 320 175,clip]{./Basic_pv/dcl_Basic_x-IPV280_lat45_time25.eps}}
%\includegraphics[width=4cm,trim= 145 170 320 175,clip]{./Basic_pv/dcl_Basic_PotVor_lat45_time25.eps} 
\caption{\vtop{\hsize=30zw
         \small �������Η�����w�݂̂ɗ^�����ݒ��, 
         �k�� 45 �x�ɂ�����, 20 ���ڂ��� 24 ���܂ł�
         �Η�����w�̓����ʉQ�ʂ̒l�ƑΗ������w�̉��x�΍��̒l�̎��ԕω�. 
         ���̐}�� $\theta=340 \mathrm{K}$��(�Η����E�ʕt��)�̉Q�ʂ̕ω���\��, 
         �E�̐}��$\sigma=0.975$(�n�\�t��)�̉��x�΍��̎��ԕω���\���Ă���.
         �����͂Ƃ��Ɍo�x, 
         �c���͍��}�ł͉Q��(�P�ʂ�PVU[$10^{-6} \mathrm{m^2 s^{-1} K kg^{-1}}$])��, 
         �E�}�ŏc���͉��x(�P�ʂ͓x)��\��.
         } }
\label{fig:��w�ɏ��^�����Ƃ��� 45N �̉Q�ʏ�}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

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\setcounter{totalnumber}{12}
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\begin{figure}[tp]
\begin{center}
\subfigure[20day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 145 180,clip]{./Top_pv/dcl_Top_x-IPV340_lat60_time20.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[20day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 120 180,clip]{./Top_temp/dcl_Top_Temp_lat60_time20.eps}} \\
%\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 145 170 200 180,clip]{./Top_pv/dcl_Top_PotVor_lat60_time20.eps} \\
%
\subfigure[21day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 145 180,clip]{./Top_pv/dcl_Top_x-IPV340_lat60_time21.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[21day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 120 180,clip]{./Top_temp/dcl_Top_Temp_lat60_time21.eps}} \\
%\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 145 170 200 180,clip]{./Top_pv/dcl_Top_PotVor_lat60_time21.eps} \\
%
\subfigure[22day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 145 180,clip]{./Top_pv/dcl_Top_x-IPV340_lat60_time22.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[22day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 120 180,clip]{./Top_temp/dcl_Top_Temp_lat60_time22.eps}} \\
%\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 145 170 200 180,clip]{./Top_pv/dcl_Top_PotVor_lat60_time22.eps} \\
%
\subfigure[23day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 145 180,clip]{./Top_pv/dcl_Top_x-IPV340_lat60_time23.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[23day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 120 180,clip]{./Top_temp/dcl_Top_Temp_lat60_time23.eps}} \\
%\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 145 170 200 180,clip]{./Top_pv/dcl_Top_PotVor_lat60_time23.eps} \\
%
\subfigure[24day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 145 180,clip]{./Top_pv/dcl_Top_x-IPV340_lat60_time24.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[24day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 120 180,clip]{./Top_temp/dcl_Top_Temp_lat60_time24.eps}}
%\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 145 170 200 180,clip]{./Top_pv/dcl_Top_PotVor_lat60_time24.eps} 
%
%\includegraphics[width=4cm,trim= 130 170 320 175,clip]{./Basic_pv/dcl_Basic_x-IPV340_lat60_time15.eps}
%\subfigure[15day]{\includegraphics[width=4cm,trim= 130 170 320 175,clip]{./Basic_pv/dcl_Basic_x-IPV280_lat60_time15.eps}}
%\includegraphics[width=4cm,trim= 145 170 320 175,clip]{./Basic_pv/dcl_Basic_PotVor_lat60_time15.eps} 
\caption{\vtop{\hsize=30zw
         \small �������Η�����w�݂̂ɗ^�����ݒ��, 
         �k�� 60 �x�ɂ�����, 20 ���ڂ��� 24 ���܂ł�
         �Η�����w�̓����ʉQ�ʂ̒l�ƑΗ������w�̉��x�΍��̒l�̎��ԕω�. 
         ���̐}�� $\theta=340 \mathrm{K}$��(�Η����E�ʕt��)�̉Q�ʂ̕ω���\��, 
         �E�̐}��$\sigma=0.975$(�n�\�t��)�̉��x�΍��̎��ԕω���\���Ă���.
         �����͂Ƃ��Ɍo�x, 
         �c���͍��}�ł͉Q��(�P�ʂ�PVU[$10^{-6} \mathrm{m^2 s^{-1} K kg^{-1}}$])��, 
         �E�}�ŏc���͉��x(�P�ʂ͓x)��\��.
         } }
\label{fig:��w�ɏ��^�����Ƃ��� 60N �̉Q�ʏ�}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

%######################################################################
% ���������, 300K ��, 280K ��IPV
%######################################################################
%######################################################################
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{-7pt}
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{5pt}
\begin{figure}[tp]
\begin{center} 
\subfigure[20day, 300K �ʉQ��]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Top_pv/dcl_Top_IPV300_xy_time20.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[20day, 500hPa �ʉQ�x]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Top_vor/dcl_Top_vor_sig0.5_time20.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[21day, 300K �ʉQ��]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Top_pv/dcl_Top_IPV300_xy_time21.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[21day, 500hPa �ʉQ�x]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Top_vor/dcl_Top_vor_sig0.5_time21.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[22day, 300K �ʉQ��]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Top_pv/dcl_Top_IPV300_xy_time22.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[22day, 500hPa �ʉQ�x]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Top_vor/dcl_Top_vor_sig0.5_time22.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[23day, 300K �ʉQ��]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Top_pv/dcl_Top_IPV300_xy_time23.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[23day, 500hPa �ʉQ�x]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Top_vor/dcl_Top_vor_sig0.5_time23.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[24day, 300K �ʉQ��]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Top_pv/dcl_Top_IPV300_xy_time24.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[24day, 500hPa �ʉQ�x]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Top_vor/dcl_Top_vor_sig0.5_time24.eps}} 
%
%\subfigure[15day, 300K �ʉQ��]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 320 180,clip]{./Basic_pv/dcl_Basic_IPV300_xy_time15.eps}}
%\hspace{1cm}
%\subfigure[15day, 500hPa �ʉQ�x]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 320 180,clip]{./Basic_vor/dcl_Basic_vor_sig0.5_time15.eps}} 
%
\caption{\vtop{\hsize=30zw
%        \footnotesize
         \small 
         �������Η�����w�݂̂ɗ^�����ݒ�ݒ��, 
         20 ���ڂ��� 24 ���܂ł�
         300K �ʉQ�ʏ�(��)�� 500 hPa �ʕt�߂̉Q�x��(�E) �̎��ԕω�. 
         �Ƃ��ɉ����͌o�x, �c���͈ܓx(15-80�x). 
         �Q�ʏ�̒P�ʂ�PVU[$10^{-6} \mathrm{m^2 s^{-1} K kg^{-1}}$]. 
         �R���^�[��, 1PVU �� 2PVU �Ɏ�����, 1.5 PVU �ɓ_���������Ă���.
         �Q�x��̓R���^�[�̊Ԋu��, $1 \times 10^{-5} \mathrm{s^{-1}}$. 
         } }
\label{fig:��w�ɏ��^�����Ƃ��̒��w��C�̉Q�ʂƉQ�x��}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
%
%######################################################################
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{5pt}
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{-7pt}
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{0pt}
%\renewcommand{\topfraction}{.05}
\begin{figure}[tp]
\begin{center}
\subfigure[20day, 280K �ʉQ��]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Top_pv/dcl_Top_IPV280_xy_time20.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[20day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̉Q�x]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Top_vor/dcl_Top_vor_sig1.0_time20.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[21day, 280K �ʉQ��]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Top_pv/dcl_Top_IPV280_xy_time21.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[21day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̉Q�x]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Top_vor/dcl_Top_vor_sig1.0_time21.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[22day, 280K �ʉQ��]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Top_pv/dcl_Top_IPV280_xy_time22.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[22day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̉Q�x]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Top_vor/dcl_Top_vor_sig1.0_time22.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[23day, 280K �ʉQ��]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Top_pv/dcl_Top_IPV280_xy_time23.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[23day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̉Q�x]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Top_vor/dcl_Top_vor_sig1.0_time23.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[24day, 280K �ʉQ��]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Top_pv/dcl_Top_IPV280_xy_time24.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[24day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̉Q�x]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Top_vor/dcl_Top_vor_sig1.0_time24.eps}} \\
%
\caption{\vtop{\hsize=30zw
%        \footnotesize
         \small 
         �������Η�����w�݂̂ɗ^�����ݒ�ݒ��, 
         20 ���ڂ��� 24 ���܂ł�
         280K �ʉQ�ʏ�(��)�� �n�\�ʕt�߂̉Q�x��(�E) �̎��ԕω�. 
         �Ƃ��ɉ����͌o�x, �c���͈ܓx(15-80�x). 
         �Q�ʏ�̒P�ʂ�PVU[$10^{-6} \mathrm{m^2 s^{-1} K kg^{-1}}$]. 
         �R���^�[��, 1PVU �� 2PVU �Ɏ�����, 1.5 PVU �ɓ_���������Ă���.
         �Q�x��̓R���^�[�̊Ԋu��, $1 \times 10^{-5} \mathrm{s^{-1}}$. 
         } }
\label{fig:��w�ɏ��^�����Ƃ��̉��w��C�̉Q�ʂƉQ�x��}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
%
%
%######################################################################
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{-7pt}
%\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{5pt}
\begin{figure}[tp]
\begin{center}
\subfigure[20day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̋C��]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Top_ps/dcl_Top_ps_time20.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[20day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̉��x]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Top_temp/dcl_Top_temp_sig1.0_time20.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[21day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̋C��]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Top_ps/dcl_Top_ps_time21.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[21day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̉��x]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Top_temp/dcl_Top_temp_sig1.0_time21.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[22day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̋C��]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Top_ps/dcl_Top_ps_time22.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[22day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̉��x]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Top_temp/dcl_Top_temp_sig1.0_time22.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[23day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̋C��]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Top_ps/dcl_Top_ps_time23.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[23day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̉��x]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Top_temp/dcl_Top_temp_sig1.0_time23.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[24day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̋C��]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Top_ps/dcl_Top_ps_time24.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[24day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̉��x]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Top_temp/dcl_Top_temp_sig1.0_time24.eps}} \\
%
%\subfigure[15day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̋C��]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_ps/dcl_Basic_ps_time15.eps}}
%\subfigure[15day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̉��x]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_temp/dcl_Basic_temp_sig1.0_time15.eps}}
\caption{\vtop{\hsize=30zw
%         \footnotesize
         \small �����w�݂̂ɗ^�����ݒ��, 
         �n�\�ʕt�߂ɂ�����, 20 ���ڂ��� 24 ���܂ł�
         �C����(��), ���x��(�E)�̎��ԕω�. 
         �C����͓��l���̊Ԋu��, $2.5 \times 10^{2} \mathrm{hPa}$.
         ���x��̓��l���̊Ԋu��, $2.5 \mathrm{K}$.
         �Ƃ��ɉ����͌o�x, �c���͈ܓx(15-80�x).
         } } 
\label{fig:��w�ɏ��^�����Ƃ��̉��w�̋C����, ���x��}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

%######################################################################
%######################################################################
% �k�� 45 �x�̓����f��
%######################################################################
%######################################################################
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{-7pt}
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{5pt}
\begin{figure}[tp]
\begin{center}
\subfigure[20day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Top_pv-pt/dcl_Top_PV-PTemp_lat45_time20.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[20day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Top_vor/dcl_Top_vor_lat45_time20.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[21day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Top_pv-pt/dcl_Top_PV-PTemp_lat45_time21.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[21day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Top_vor/dcl_Top_vor_lat45_time21.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[22day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Top_pv-pt/dcl_Top_PV-PTemp_lat45_time22.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[22day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Top_vor/dcl_Top_vor_lat45_time22.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[23day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Top_pv-pt/dcl_Top_PV-PTemp_lat45_time23.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[23day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Top_vor/dcl_Top_vor_lat45_time23.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[24day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Top_pv-pt/dcl_Top_PV-PTemp_lat45_time24.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[24day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Top_vor/dcl_Top_vor_lat45_time24.eps}} \\
%
\caption{\vtop{\hsize=30zw
         \small �����w�݂̂ɗ^�����ݒ��, 
         �k�� 45 �x�ɂ�����, 20 ���ڂ��� 24 ���܂ł̓����f�ʐ}.
         (��)�͉Q�ʂƉ��ʂ̏�, (�E)�͉Q�x��̎��ԕω�. 
         �Q�ʂ͍������ŕ\�����. �R���^�[�Ԋu��, �PPVU �܂ł�0.1 PVU, 1PVU �ȏ��1.5,2.0,4.0,6.0 PVU �ň����Ă���.
         ���ʂ͐F������. �R���^�[�Ԋu�� 2.5 K.
         �Q�x�̃R���^�[�Ԋu�� $1\times 10^{-5} \mathrm{s^{-1}}$.
         �Ƃ��ɉ����͌o�x(130-230�x), �c���͍��x($\sigma=1.0-0.22$). 
          } }
\label{fig:��w�ɏ��^�����Ƃ��̖k�� 45 �x�ɂ����铌���f��}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
%########################################################%
%########################################################%
%######################################################################
%######################################################################
% �k�� 60 �x�̓����f��
%######################################################################
%######################################################################
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{-7pt}
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{5pt}
\begin{figure}[tp]
\begin{center}
\subfigure[20day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Top_pv-pt/dcl_Top_PV-PTemp_lat60_time20.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[20day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Top_vor/dcl_Top_vor_lat60_time20.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[21day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Top_pv-pt/dcl_Top_PV-PTemp_lat60_time21.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[21day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Top_vor/dcl_Top_vor_lat60_time21.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[22day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Top_pv-pt/dcl_Top_PV-PTemp_lat60_time22.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[22day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Top_vor/dcl_Top_vor_lat60_time22.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[23day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Top_pv-pt/dcl_Top_PV-PTemp_lat60_time23.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[23day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Top_vor/dcl_Top_vor_lat60_time23.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[24day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Top_pv-pt/dcl_Top_PV-PTemp_lat60_time24.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[24day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Top_vor/dcl_Top_vor_lat60_time24.eps}} \\
%
%\subfigure[15day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_pv-pt/dcl_Basic_PV-PTemp_lat60_time15.eps}}
%\subfigure[15day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_vor/dcl_Basic_vor_lat60_time15.eps}} \\
%
\caption{\vtop{\hsize=30zw
         \small �����w�݂̂ɗ^�����ݒ��, 
         �k�� 60 �x�ɂ�����, 20 ���ڂ��� 24 ���܂ł̓����f�ʐ}.
         (��)�͉Q�ʂƉ��ʂ̏�, (�E)�͉Q�x��̎��ԕω�. 
         �Q�ʂ͍������ŕ\�����. �R���^�[�Ԋu��, �PPVU �܂ł�0.1 PVU, 1PVU �ȏ��1.5,2.0,4.0,6.0 PVU �ň����Ă���.
         ���ʂ͐F������. �R���^�[�Ԋu�� 2.5 K.
         �Q�x�̃R���^�[�Ԋu�� $1\times 10^{-5} \mathrm{s^{-1}}$.
         �Ƃ��ɉ����͌o�x(130-230�x), �c���͍��x($\sigma=1.0-0.22$). 
          } }
\label{fig:��w�ɏ��^�����Ƃ��̖k�� 60 �x�ɂ����铌���f��}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
%############################################################################
%############################################################################

%######################################################################
% ��k�f��
%######################################################################
%######################################################################
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{-7pt}
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{5pt}
\begin{figure}[tp]
\begin{center}
\subfigure[20day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Top_pv-pt/dcl_Top_PV-PTemp_lon305_time20.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[20day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Top_vor/dcl_Top_vor_lon305_time20.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[21day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Top_pv-pt/dcl_Top_PV-PTemp_lon315_time21.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[21day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Top_vor/dcl_Top_vor_lon315_time21.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[22day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Top_pv-pt/dcl_Top_PV-PTemp_lon325_time22.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[22day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Top_vor/dcl_Top_vor_lon325_time22.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[23day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Top_pv-pt/dcl_Top_PV-PTemp_lon335_time23.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[23day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Top_vor/dcl_Top_vor_lon335_time23.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[24day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Top_pv-pt/dcl_Top_PV-PTemp_lon345_time24.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[24day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Top_vor/dcl_Top_vor_lon345_time24.eps}} \\
%
%\subfigure[15day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_pv-pt/dcl_Basic_PV-PTemp_lat60_time15.eps}}
%\subfigure[15day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Basic_vor/dcl_Basic_vor_lat60_time15.eps}} \\
%
\caption{\vtop{\hsize=30zw
         \small �����w�݂̂ɗ^�����ݒ��, 
         20 ���ڂ��� 24 ���܂ł̓�k�f�ʐ}.
         (��)�͉Q�ʂƉ��ʂ̏�, (�E)�͉Q�x��̎��ԕω�. 
         �Q�ʂ͍������ŕ\�����. �R���^�[�Ԋu��, �PPVU �܂ł�0.1 PVU, 1PVU �ȏ��1.5,2.0,4.0,6.0 PVU �ň����Ă���.
         ���ʂ͐F������. �R���^�[�Ԋu�� 2.5 K.
         �Q�x�̃R���^�[�Ԋu�� $1\times 10^{-5} \mathrm{s^{-1}}$.
         �Ƃ��ɉ����͈ܓx(15-80�x), �c���͍��x($\sigma=1.0-0.22$). 
          } }
\label{fig:��w�ɏ��^�����Ƃ��̓�k�f��}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
%############################################################################
%############################################################################

%######################################################################
%######################################################################


%$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
%$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

%######################################################################
%######################################################################

\subsection{����������w�݂̂ɗ^�����ꍇ}

\markright{\arabic{chapter}.\arabic{section}
����������w�݂̂ɗ^�����ꍇ} %  �߂̑薼���������ނ���


����, ����������w�ɂ̂ݗ^�����ꍇ���L�q����.
�����ł�, ���n�\(���x $0 \mathrm{km}$)�ɗ^���邱�ƂƂ���.

%\subsubsection{�Q�ʃA�m�}���[����������Q�x��, �C����, ���x��}

�����ł�, ������E��(���x $0 \mathrm{km}$)�ɗ^���邱�ƂƂ���.

���Ԃ͏�̔��B����Ԍ���ꂽ 14 - 18 ���ڂɏœ_�𓖂ĂĂ���.

%######################################################################
% �����܂�ok
%######################################################################

�k�� 45 �x, 60 �x�Ƃ��� 14 ���ڂ�, 
��w�ɂ�, �o�x 110�x, 160 �x, 210 �x, 270 �x�t�߂ɐ��̉Q�ʃA�m�}���[(�Ȍ�, �A�m�}���[E1,E2,E3,E4)�������, 
���w�ɂ�, �o�x 80�x, 130�x, 180�x, 240 �x, 300 �x�t�߂ɐ��̉Q�ʃA�m�}���[(�Ȍ�, �A�m�}���[F1,F2,F3,F4,F5)��������
(�}\ref{fig:���w�ɏ��^�����Ƃ��� 45N �̉Q�ʏ�}, �}\ref{fig:���w�ɏ��^�����Ƃ��� 60N �̉Q�ʏ�}).
���̏ꍇ��, E2 �� F3, E3 �� F4, E4 �� F5 ���݂��ɋ��ߍ����Ă���悤�ł���.
E2 �� F3 �� 15 - 16 ���ڂɍł��A�m�}���[�̑傫�����傫���Ȃ�, 
E3 �� F4 �� 16 - 18 ���ڂɍł��A�m�}���[�̑傫�����傫���Ȃ��Ă���, 
���̂Ƃ����ɂ��݂��̐U�������ߍ����Ă���̂ł��낤.

���̂Ƃ��̑Η������w����щ��w�̏���m�F����.
E2 �� F3 �ɑΉ��������
500 hPa ��, �n�\�t�߂Ƃ���, 
15 - 17 ���ڂɂ����ď�����B���Ē��S�̐��̉Q�x�̒l���ł��傫���Ȃ�, 
E3 �� F4 �ɑΉ��������
500 hPa ��, �n�\�t�߂Ƃ���, 
16 - 18 ���ڂɐ��̉Q�x�̒l���ł��傫���Ȃ��Ă���.
���ꂼ��ɂ����ď�̔��B�ɔ����Ē��S�C���͒ቺ��, 
���x�ڗ��������Ă���.

300 K, 280 K �̓����ʖʏ�ł̉Q�ʂ̕ϓ��ɒ��ڂ����, 
�O�� 2 �̗�Ɠ��l, 
14 ���ڂ�, �o�x 160, 210, 270 �x�t��(�Ȍ�, ���l�� E2,E3,E4)�ŉ������ɔ�яo�Ă��镔����, 
���ʖʂɉ����ĉQ�ʂ̒l�̑傫���̈悪�쉺���Ă��邱�Ƃ������Ă���, 
1.5 PVU �̃R���^�[�Ō����, 
E2 �ɂ��Ă� 15 - 16 ���ڂ�, 
E3 �̂Ƃ���ł� 16 - 17 ���ڂŖk�� 45-50 �x�t�߂܂œ쉺���Ă���.

���̂Ƃ�, �����w�̏�ɉe����^���Ă��邱�Ƃ�������.

����𓌐��f�ʂŌ����, 
E2 �� F3 �ɑΉ�������� 15 - 17 ���ڂɏ�w�̉Q�x�̑傫���̈悪���~���邱�Ƃ�, 
��w�Ɖ��w�̏�����ݍ�p�����邱�Ƃɂ�萬�����Ă���.
E2 �� F3 �ɑΉ�������� 16 - 18 ���ڂɂ����ē��l�̌��ۂ������Ă���.

��̔��B��, �S�w�ɏ������^���� Polvani et al. (2004) �Ɣ�ׂ�Ɛ����̃X�s�[�h���x��, 
�ł����������Ƃ��̉Q�x�̒l����������, 
��� 1 �ӏ��ɗ^�����_�ł͑Η����E�ʂ݂̂ɗ^�����Ƃ��̎����Ɠ�������, 
���̂Ƃ�������w�ɐ������A�m�}���[�͑傫��, 
������������������x�Ő������Ă���.

��k�f�ʂŌ����Ƃ��ł����̌X���͌����ł���.

\renewcommand{\subfigbottomskip}{0pt}
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{5pt}
%########################################################%
%########################################################%
\begin{figure}[tp]
\begin{center}
\subfigure[14day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 153 180,clip]{./Bottom_pv/dcl_Bottom_x-IPV340_lat45_time14.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[14day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 120 180,clip]{./Bottom_temp/dcl_Bottom_Temp_lat45_time14.eps}} \\
%\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 145 170 200 180,clip]{./Bottom_pv/dcl_Bottom_PotVor_lat45_time14.eps} \\
%
\subfigure[15day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 153 180,clip]{./Bottom_pv/dcl_Bottom_x-IPV340_lat45_time15.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[15day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 120 180,clip]{./Bottom_temp/dcl_Bottom_Temp_lat45_time15.eps}} \\
%\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 145 170 200 180,clip]{./Bottom_pv/dcl_Bottom_PotVor_lat45_time15.eps} \\
%
\subfigure[16day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 153 180,clip]{./Bottom_pv/dcl_Bottom_x-IPV340_lat45_time16.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[16day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 120 180,clip]{./Bottom_temp/dcl_Bottom_Temp_lat45_time16.eps}} \\
%\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 145 170 200 180,clip]{./Bottom_pv/dcl_Bottom_PotVor_lat45_time16.eps} \\
%
\subfigure[17day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 153 180,clip]{./Bottom_pv/dcl_Bottom_x-IPV340_lat45_time17.eps}}
\hspace{1cm} 
\subfigure[17day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 120 180,clip]{./Bottom_temp/dcl_Bottom_Temp_lat45_time17.eps}} \\
%\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 145 170 200 180,clip]{./Bottom_pv/dcl_Bottom_PotVor_lat45_time17.eps} \\
%
\subfigure[18day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 153 180,clip]{./Bottom_pv/dcl_Bottom_x-IPV340_lat45_time18.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[18day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 120 180,clip]{./Bottom_temp/dcl_Bottom_Temp_lat45_time18.eps}}
%\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 145 170 200 180,clip]{./Bottom_pv/dcl_Bottom_PotVor_lat45_time18.eps} 
%
\caption{\vtop{\hsize=30zw
         \small �������Η������w�݂̂ɗ^�����ݒ��, 
         �k�� 45 �x�ɂ�����, 14 ���ڂ��� 18 ���܂ł�
         �Η�����w�̓����ʉQ�ʂ̒l�ƑΗ������w�̉��x�΍��̒l�̎��ԕω�. 
         ���̐}�� $\theta=340 \mathrm{K}$��(�Η����E�ʕt��)�̉Q�ʂ̕ω���\��, 
         �E�̐}��$\sigma=0.975$(�n�\�t��)�̉��x�΍��̎��ԕω���\���Ă���.
         �����͂Ƃ��Ɍo�x, 
         �c���͍��}�ł͉Q��(�P�ʂ�PVU[$10^{-6} \mathrm{m^2 s^{-1} K kg^{-1}}$])��, 
         �E�}�ŏc���͉��x(�P�ʂ͓x)��\��.
         } }
\label{fig:���w�ɏ��^�����Ƃ��� 45N �̉Q�ʏ�}
\end{center}
\end{figure}


%################################################################################
%################################################################################
\renewcommand{\subfigbottomskip}{0pt}
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{5pt}
\setcounter{totalnumber}{12}
%########################################################%
%########################################################%
\begin{figure}[tp]
\begin{center}
\subfigure[14day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 145 180,clip]{./Bottom_pv/dcl_Bottom_x-IPV340_lat60_time14.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[14day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 120 180,clip]{./Bottom_temp/dcl_Bottom_Temp_lat60_time14.eps}} \\
%\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 145 170 200 180,clip]{./Bottom_pv/dcl_Bottom_PotVor_lat60_time14.eps} \\
%
\subfigure[15day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 145 180,clip]{./Bottom_pv/dcl_Bottom_x-IPV340_lat60_time15.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[15day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 120 180,clip]{./Bottom_temp/dcl_Bottom_Temp_lat60_time15.eps}} \\
%\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 145 170 200 180,clip]{./Bottom_pv/dcl_Bottom_PotVor_lat60_time15.eps} \\
%
\subfigure[16day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 145 180,clip]{./Bottom_pv/dcl_Bottom_x-IPV340_lat60_time16.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[16day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 120 180,clip]{./Bottom_temp/dcl_Bottom_Temp_lat60_time16.eps}} \\
%\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 145 170 200 180,clip]{./Bottom_pv/dcl_Bottom_PotVor_lat60_time16.eps} \\
%
\subfigure[17day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 145 180,clip]{./Bottom_pv/dcl_Bottom_x-IPV340_lat60_time17.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[17day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 120 180,clip]{./Bottom_temp/dcl_Bottom_Temp_lat60_time17.eps}} \\
%\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 145 170 200 180,clip]{./Bottom_pv/dcl_Bottom_PotVor_lat60_time17.eps} \\
%
\subfigure[18day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 145 180,clip]{./Bottom_pv/dcl_Bottom_x-IPV340_lat60_time18.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[18day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 120 180,clip]{./Bottom_temp/dcl_Bottom_Temp_lat60_time18.eps}} 
%\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 145 170 200 180,clip]{./Bottom_pv/dcl_Bottom_PotVor_lat60_time18.eps} 
%
\caption{\vtop{\hsize=30zw
         \small �������Η������w�݂̂ɗ^�����ݒ��, 
         �k�� 60 �x�ɂ�����, 14 ���ڂ��� 18 ���܂ł�
         �Η�����w�̓����ʉQ�ʂ̒l�ƑΗ������w�̉��x�΍��̒l�̎��ԕω�. 
         ���̐}�� $\theta=340 \mathrm{K}$��(�Η����E�ʕt��)�̉Q�ʂ̕ω���\��, 
         �E�̐}��$\sigma=0.975$(�n�\�t��)�̉��x�΍��̎��ԕω���\���Ă���.
         �����͂Ƃ��Ɍo�x, 
         �c���͍��}�ł͉Q��(�P�ʂ�PVU[$10^{-6} \mathrm{m^2 s^{-1} K kg^{-1}}$])��, 
         �E�}�ŏc���͉��x(�P�ʂ͓x)��\��.
         } }
\label{fig:���w�ɏ��^�����Ƃ��� 60N �̉Q�ʏ�}
\end{center}
\end{figure}


%######################################################################
% ���������, 300K ��, 280K ��IPV
%######################################################################
%######################################################################
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{-7pt}
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{5pt}
\begin{figure}[tp]
\begin{center} 
\subfigure[14day, 300K �ʉQ��]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Bottom_pv/dcl_Bottom_IPV300_xy_time14.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[14day, 500hPa �ʉQ�x]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Bottom_vor/dcl_Bottom_vor_sig0.5_time14.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[15day, 300K �ʉQ��]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Bottom_pv/dcl_Bottom_IPV300_xy_time15.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[15day, 500hPa �ʉQ�x]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Bottom_vor/dcl_Bottom_vor_sig0.5_time15.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[16day, 300K �ʉQ��]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Bottom_pv/dcl_Bottom_IPV300_xy_time16.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[16day, 500hPa �ʉQ�x]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Bottom_vor/dcl_Bottom_vor_sig0.5_time16.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[17day, 300K �ʉQ��]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Bottom_pv/dcl_Bottom_IPV300_xy_time17.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[17day, 500hPa �ʉQ�x]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Bottom_vor/dcl_Bottom_vor_sig0.5_time17.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[18day, 300K �ʉQ��]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Bottom_pv/dcl_Bottom_IPV300_xy_time18.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[18day, 500hPa �ʉQ�x]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Bottom_vor/dcl_Bottom_vor_sig0.5_time18.eps}} 
%
\caption{\vtop{\hsize=30zw
%        \footnotesize
         \small 
         �������Η������w�݂̂ɗ^�����ݒ��, 
         14 ���ڂ��� 18 ���܂ł�
         300K �ʉQ�ʏ�(��)�� 500 hPa �ʕt�߂̉Q�x��(�E) �̎��ԕω�. 
         �Ƃ��ɉ����͌o�x, �c���͈ܓx(15-80�x). 
         �Q�ʏ�̒P�ʂ�PVU[$10^{-6} \mathrm{m^2 s^{-1} K kg^{-1}}$]. 
         �R���^�[��, 1PVU �� 2PVU �Ɏ�����, 1.5 PVU �ɓ_���������Ă���.
         �Q�x��̓R���^�[�̊Ԋu��, $1 \times 10^{-5} \mathrm{s^{-1}}$. 
         } }
\label{fig:���w�ɏ��^�����Ƃ��̒��w��C�̉Q�ʂƉQ�x��}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
%
%######################################################################
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{5pt}
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{-7pt}
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{0pt}
%\renewcommand{\topfraction}{.05}
\begin{figure}[tp]
\begin{center}
\subfigure[14day, 280K �ʉQ��]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Bottom_pv/dcl_Bottom_IPV280_xy_time14.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[14day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̉Q�x]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Bottom_vor/dcl_Bottom_vor_sig1.0_time14.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[15day, 280K �ʉQ��]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Bottom_pv/dcl_Bottom_IPV280_xy_time15.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[15day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̉Q�x]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Bottom_vor/dcl_Bottom_vor_sig1.0_time15.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[16day, 280K �ʉQ��]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Bottom_pv/dcl_Bottom_IPV280_xy_time16.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[16day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̉Q�x]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Bottom_vor/dcl_Bottom_vor_sig1.0_time16.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[17day, 280K �ʉQ��]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Bottom_pv/dcl_Bottom_IPV280_xy_time17.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[17day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̉Q�x]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Bottom_vor/dcl_Bottom_vor_sig1.0_time17.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[18day, 280K �ʉQ��]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Bottom_pv/dcl_Bottom_IPV280_xy_time18.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[18day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̉Q�x]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Bottom_vor/dcl_Bottom_vor_sig1.0_time18.eps}} 
%
\caption{\vtop{\hsize=30zw
%        \footnotesize
         \small 
         �������Η������w�݂̂ɗ^�����ݒ��, 
         14 ���ڂ��� 18 ���܂ł�
         280K �ʉQ�ʏ�(��)�� �n�\�ʕt�߂̉Q�x��(�E) �̎��ԕω�. 
         �Ƃ��ɉ����͌o�x, �c���͈ܓx(15-80�x). 
         �Q�ʏ�̒P�ʂ�PVU[$10^{-6} \mathrm{m^2 s^{-1} K kg^{-1}}$]. 
         �R���^�[��, 1PVU �� 2PVU �Ɏ�����, 1.5 PVU �ɓ_���������Ă���.
         �Q�x��̓R���^�[�̊Ԋu��, $1 \times 10^{-5} \mathrm{s^{-1}}$. 
         } }
\label{fig:���w�ɏ��^�����Ƃ��̉��w��C�̉Q�ʂƉQ�x��}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
%
%
%######################################################################
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{-7pt}
%\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{5pt}
\begin{figure}[tp]
\begin{center}
\subfigure[14day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̋C��]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Bottom_ps/dcl_Bottom_ps_time14.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[14day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̉��x]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Bottom_temp/dcl_Bottom_temp_sig1.0_time14.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[15day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̋C��]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Bottom_ps/dcl_Bottom_ps_time15.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[15day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̉��x]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Bottom_temp/dcl_Bottom_temp_sig1.0_time15.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[16day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̋C��]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Bottom_ps/dcl_Bottom_ps_time16.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[16day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̉��x]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Bottom_temp/dcl_Bottom_temp_sig1.0_time16.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[17day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̋C��]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Bottom_ps/dcl_Bottom_ps_time17.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[17day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̉��x]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Bottom_temp/dcl_Bottom_temp_sig1.0_time17.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[18day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̋C��]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Bottom_ps/dcl_Bottom_ps_time18.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[18day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̉��x]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Bottom_temp/dcl_Bottom_temp_sig1.0_time18.eps}} \\
%
\caption{\vtop{\hsize=30zw
%         \footnotesize
         \small ������w�݂̂ɗ^�����ݒ��, 
         �n�\�ʕt�߂ɂ�����, 14 ���ڂ��� 18 ���܂ł�
         �C����(��), ���x��(�E)�̎��ԕω�. 
         �C����͓��l���̊Ԋu��, $2.5 \times 10^{2} \mathrm{hPa}$.
         ���x��̓��l���̊Ԋu��, $2.5 \mathrm{K}$.
         �Ƃ��ɉ����͌o�x, �c���͈ܓx(15-80�x). 
         } }
\label{fig:���w�ɏ��^�����Ƃ��̉��w�̋C����, ���x��}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

%######################################################################
%######################################################################
% �k�� 45 �x�̓����f��
%######################################################################
%######################################################################
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{-7pt}
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{5pt}
\begin{figure}[tp]
\begin{center}
\subfigure[14day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Bottom_pv-pt/dcl_Bottom_PV-PTemp_lat45_time14.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[14day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Bottom_vor/dcl_Bottom_vor_lat45_time14.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[15day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Bottom_pv-pt/dcl_Bottom_PV-PTemp_lat45_time15.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[15day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Bottom_vor/dcl_Bottom_vor_lat45_time15.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[16day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Bottom_pv-pt/dcl_Bottom_PV-PTemp_lat45_time16.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[16day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Bottom_vor/dcl_Bottom_vor_lat45_time16.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[17day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Bottom_pv-pt/dcl_Bottom_PV-PTemp_lat45_time17.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[17day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Bottom_vor/dcl_Bottom_vor_lat45_time17.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[18day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Bottom_pv-pt/dcl_Bottom_PV-PTemp_lat45_time18.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[18day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Bottom_vor/dcl_Bottom_vor_lat45_time18.eps}} 
%
\caption{\vtop{\hsize=30zw
         \small ������w�݂̂ɗ^�����ݒ��, 
         �k�� 45 �x�ɂ�����, 14 ���ڂ��� 18 ���܂ł̓����f�ʐ}.
         (��)�͉Q�ʂƉ��ʂ̏�, (�E)�͉Q�x��̎��ԕω�. 
         �Q�ʂ͍������ŕ\�����. �R���^�[�Ԋu��, �PPVU �܂ł�0.1 PVU, 1PVU �ȏ��1.5,2.0,4.0,6.0 PVU �ň����Ă���.
         ���ʂ͐F������. �R���^�[�Ԋu�� 2.5 K.
         �Q�x�̃R���^�[�Ԋu�� $1\times 10^{-5} \mathrm{s^{-1}}$.
         �Ƃ��ɉ����͌o�x(130-230�x), �c���͍��x($\sigma=1.0-0.22$). 
          } }
\label{fig:���w�ɏ��^�����Ƃ��̖k�� 45 �x�ɂ����铌���f��}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
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% �k�� 60 �x�̓����f��
%######################################################################
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\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{-7pt}
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{5pt}
\begin{figure}[tp]
\begin{center}
\subfigure[14day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Bottom_pv-pt/dcl_Bottom_PV-PTemp_lat60_time14.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[14day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Bottom_vor/dcl_Bottom_vor_lat60_time14.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[15day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Bottom_pv-pt/dcl_Bottom_PV-PTemp_lat60_time15.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[15day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Bottom_vor/dcl_Bottom_vor_lat60_time15.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[16day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Bottom_pv-pt/dcl_Bottom_PV-PTemp_lat60_time16.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[16day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Bottom_vor/dcl_Bottom_vor_lat60_time16.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[17day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Bottom_pv-pt/dcl_Bottom_PV-PTemp_lat60_time17.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[17day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Bottom_vor/dcl_Bottom_vor_lat60_time17.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[18day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Bottom_pv-pt/dcl_Bottom_PV-PTemp_lat60_time18.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[18day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Bottom_vor/dcl_Bottom_vor_lat60_time18.eps}} 
%
\caption{\vtop{\hsize=30zw
         \small ������w�݂̂ɗ^�����ݒ��, 
         �k�� 60 �x�ɂ�����, 14 ���ڂ��� 18 ���܂ł̓����f�ʐ}.
         (��)�͉Q�ʂƉ��ʂ̏�, (�E)�͉Q�x��̎��ԕω�. 
         �Q�ʂ͍������ŕ\�����. �R���^�[�Ԋu��, �PPVU �܂ł�0.1 PVU, 1PVU �ȏ��1.5,2.0,4.0,6.0 PVU �ň����Ă���.
         ���ʂ͐F������. �R���^�[�Ԋu�� 2.5 K.
         �Q�x�̃R���^�[�Ԋu�� $1\times 10^{-5} \mathrm{s^{-1}}$.
         �Ƃ��ɉ����͌o�x(130-230�x), �c���͍��x($\sigma=1.0-0.22$). 
          } }
\label{fig:���w�ɏ��^�����Ƃ��̖k�� 60 �x�ɂ����铌���f��}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
%############################################################################
%############################################################################

%######################################################################
%######################################################################
% ��k�f��
%######################################################################
%######################################################################
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{-7pt}
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{5pt}
\begin{figure}[tp]
\begin{center}
\subfigure[14day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Bottom_pv-pt/dcl_Bottom_PV-PTemp_lon220_time14.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[14day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Bottom_vor/dcl_Bottom_vor_lon220_time14.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[15day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Bottom_pv-pt/dcl_Bottom_PV-PTemp_lon230_time15.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[15day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Bottom_vor/dcl_Bottom_vor_lon230_time15.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[16day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Bottom_pv-pt/dcl_Bottom_PV-PTemp_lon240_time16.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[16day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Bottom_vor/dcl_Bottom_vor_lon240_time16.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[17day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Bottom_pv-pt/dcl_Bottom_PV-PTemp_lon255_time17.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[17day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Bottom_vor/dcl_Bottom_vor_lon255_time17.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[18day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Bottom_pv-pt/dcl_Bottom_PV-PTemp_lon265_time18.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[18day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Bottom_vor/dcl_Bottom_vor_lon265_time18.eps}} 
%
\caption{\vtop{\hsize=30zw
         \small ������w�݂̂ɗ^�����ݒ��, 
         14 ���ڂ��� 18 ���܂ł̓�k�f�ʐ}.
         (��)�͉Q�ʂƉ��ʂ̏�, (�E)�͉Q�x��̎��ԕω�. 
         �Q�ʂ͍������ŕ\�����. �R���^�[�Ԋu��, �PPVU �܂ł�0.1 PVU, 1PVU �ȏ��1.5,2.0,4.0,6.0 PVU �ň����Ă���.
         ���ʂ͐F������. �R���^�[�Ԋu�� 2.5 K.
         �Q�x�̃R���^�[�Ԋu�� $1\times 10^{-5} \mathrm{s^{-1}}$.
         �Ƃ��ɉ����͈ܓx(15-80�x), �c���͍��x($\sigma=1.0-0.22$). 
          } }
\label{fig:���w�ɏ��^�����Ƃ��̓�k�f��}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
%########################################################%
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%$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
%$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

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\clearpage
\subsection{���������w�Ɖ��w�ɗ^�����ꍇ}

\markright{\arabic{chapter}.\arabic{section}
���������w�Ɖ��w�ɗ^�����ꍇ} %  �߂̑薼���������ނ���

Polvani et al. (2004) �̐ݒ�ł�, ���S�w�ɓn���ė^���Ă���.
���x��, ��w�Ɖ��w�ɗ^�����ꍇ�𒲂ׂĂ݂邱�Ƃɂ���.

���Ԃ͏�̔��B����Ԍ���ꂽ 14 - 18 ���ڂ����o���Ă���.

%�悸�� 14 - 18 ���ڂɂ�����k�� 45 �x, 60 �x�ł̉Q�ʃA�m�}���[�̎��ԕω��������Ă���.

%######################################################################
% �����܂�ok
%######################################################################

�k�� 45 �x, 60 �x�Ƃ��� 14 ���ڂ�, 
��w�ɂ�, �o�x 110�x, 160 �x, 220 �x, 280 �x�t�߂ɐ��̉Q�ʃA�m�}���[(�Ȍ�, �A�m�}���[G1,G2,G3,G4)�������, 
���w�ɂ�, �o�x 80�x, 130�x, 180�x, 240 �x, 300 �x�t�߂ɐ��̉Q�ʃA�m�}���[(�Ȍ�, �A�m�}���[H1,H2,H3,H4,H5)��������
(�}\ref{fig:��w�Ɖ��w�ɏ��^�����Ƃ��� 45N �̉Q�ʏ�}, �}\ref{fig:��w�Ɖ��w�ɏ��^�����Ƃ��� 60N �̉Q�ʏ�}).
���̏ꍇ��, 
G2 �� H3 �� 15 - 16 ���ڂ�, 
G3 �� H4 �� 16 - 18 ���ڂɍł��l���傫���Ȃ��Ă���, 
���̂Ƃ��݂��̐U�������ߍ����Ă���.
����͉��w�ɂ̂ݏ��^�����Ƃ��ƂقƂ�Ǔ������ʂɂȂ��Ă���.

���̂Ƃ��̑Η������w����щ��w�ɐ������ꂽ��̐������m�F����.
G2 �� H3 �ɑΉ��������
500 hPa ��, �n�\�t�߂Ƃ���, 
15 - 17 ���ڂɂ����ď�����B���Ē��S�̐��̉Q�x�̒l���ł��傫���Ȃ�, 
G3 �� H4 �ɑΉ��������
500 hPa ��, �n�\�t�߂Ƃ���, 
16 - 18 ���ڂɐ��̉Q�x�̒l���ł��傫���Ȃ��Ă���.
���ꂼ��ɂ����ď�̔��B�ɔ����Ē��S�C���͒ቺ��, 
���x�ڗ��������Ă���.

300 K, 280 K �̓����ʖʏ�ł̉Q�ʂ̕ϓ��ɒ��ڂ����, 
�O�� 2 �̗�Ɠ��l, 
14 ���ڂ�, �o�x 160, 220, 280 �x�t��(�Ȍ�, ���l�� G2,G3,G4)�ŉ������ɔ�яo�Ă��镔����, 
���ʖʂɉ����ĉQ�ʂ̒l�̑傫���̈悪�쉺���Ă��邱�Ƃ������Ă���, 
1.5 PVU �̃R���^�[�Ō����, 
E2 �ɂ��Ă� 15 - 16 ���ڂ�, 
E3 �̂Ƃ���ł� 16 - 17 ���ڂŖk�� 50-55 �x�t�߂܂œ쉺���Ă���.

���̂Ƃ�, �����w�̏�ɉe����^���Ă��邱�Ƃ�������.

����𓌐��f��, ��k�f�ʂŌ����, 
G2 �� H3 �ɑΉ�������� 15 - 17 ���ڂɏ�w�̉Q�x�̑傫���̈悪���~���邱�Ƃ�, 
��w�Ɖ��w�̏�����ݍ�p�����邱�Ƃɂ�萬�����Ă���.
G2 �� H3 �ɑΉ�������� 16 - 18 ���ڂɂ����ē��l�̌��ۂ������Ă���.

��̔��B��, 
�O�q�̏��n�\�ʂ݂̂ɗ^�����Ƃ��̎����Ƃقړ��������Ő�����, 
���������̉Q�������Ă���.



\renewcommand{\subfigbottomskip}{0pt}
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{5pt}
%########################################################%
%########################################################%
\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{center}
\subfigure[14day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 153 180,clip]{./Double_pv/dcl_Double_x-IPV340_lat45_time14.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[14day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 120 180,clip]{./Double_temp/dcl_Double_Temp_lat45_time14.eps}} \\
%\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 145 170 200 180,clip]{./Double_pv/dcl_Double_PotVor_lat45_time14.eps} \\
%
\subfigure[15day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 153 180,clip]{./Double_pv/dcl_Double_x-IPV340_lat45_time15.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[15day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 120 180,clip]{./Double_temp/dcl_Double_Temp_lat45_time15.eps}} \\
%\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 145 170 200 180,clip]{./Double_pv/dcl_Double_PotVor_lat45_time15.eps} \\
%
\subfigure[16day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 153 180,clip]{./Double_pv/dcl_Double_x-IPV340_lat45_time16.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[16day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 120 180,clip]{./Double_temp/dcl_Double_Temp_lat45_time16.eps}} \\
%\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 145 170 200 180,clip]{./Double_pv/dcl_Double_PotVor_lat45_time16.eps} \\
%
\subfigure[17day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 153 180,clip]{./Double_pv/dcl_Double_x-IPV340_lat45_time17.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[17day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 120 180,clip]{./Double_temp/dcl_Double_Temp_lat45_time17.eps}} \\
%\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 145 170 200 180,clip]{./Double_pv/dcl_Double_PotVor_lat45_time17.eps} \\
%
\subfigure[18day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 153 180,clip]{./Double_pv/dcl_Double_x-IPV340_lat45_time18.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[18day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 120 180,clip]{./Double_temp/dcl_Double_Temp_lat45_time18.eps}} 
%\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 145 170 200 180,clip]{./Double_pv/dcl_Double_PotVor_lat45_time18.eps} 
%
\caption{\vtop{\hsize=30zw
         \small �������Η�����w�Ɖ��w�ɗ^�����ݒ��, 
         �k�� 45 �x�ɂ�����, 14 ���ڂ��� 18 ���܂ł�
         �Η�����w�̓����ʉQ�ʂ̒l�ƑΗ������w�̉��x�΍��̒l�̎��ԕω�. 
         ���̐}�� $\theta=340 \mathrm{K}$��(�Η����E�ʕt��)�̉Q�ʂ̕ω���\��, 
         �E�̐}��$\sigma=0.975$(�n�\�t��)�̉��x�΍��̎��ԕω���\���Ă���.
         �����͂Ƃ��Ɍo�x, 
         �c���͍��}�ł͉Q��(�P�ʂ�PVU[$10^{-6} \mathrm{m^2 s^{-1} K kg^{-1}}$])��, 
         �E�}�ŏc���͉��x(�P�ʂ͓x)��\��.
         } }
\label{fig:��w�Ɖ��w�ɏ��^�����Ƃ��� 45N �̉Q�ʏ�}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

%################################################################################
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\renewcommand{\subfigbottomskip}{0pt}
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{5pt}
\setcounter{totalnumber}{12}
%########################################################%
%########################################################%
\begin{figure}[tp]
\begin{center}
\subfigure[14day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 145 180,clip]{./Double_pv/dcl_Double_x-IPV340_lat60_time14.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[14day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 120 180,clip]{./Double_temp/dcl_Double_Temp_lat60_time14.eps}} \\
%\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 145 170 200 180,clip]{./Double_pv/dcl_Double_PotVor_lat60_time14.eps} \\
%
\subfigure[15day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 145 180,clip]{./Double_pv/dcl_Double_x-IPV340_lat60_time15.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[15day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 120 180,clip]{./Double_temp/dcl_Double_Temp_lat60_time15.eps}} \\
%\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 145 170 200 180,clip]{./Double_pv/dcl_Double_PotVor_lat60_time15.eps} \\
%
\subfigure[16day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 145 180,clip]{./Double_pv/dcl_Double_x-IPV340_lat60_time16.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[17day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 120 180,clip]{./Double_temp/dcl_Double_Temp_lat60_time16.eps}} \\
%\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 145 170 200 180,clip]{./Double_pv/dcl_Double_PotVor_lat60_time16.eps} \\
%
\subfigure[17day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 145 180,clip]{./Double_pv/dcl_Double_x-IPV340_lat60_time17.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[17day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 120 180,clip]{./Double_temp/dcl_Double_Temp_lat60_time17.eps}} \\
%\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 145 170 200 180,clip]{./Double_pv/dcl_Double_PotVor_lat60_time17.eps} \\
%
\subfigure[18day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 145 180,clip]{./Double_pv/dcl_Double_x-IPV340_lat60_time18.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[18day]{\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 120 170 120 180,clip]{./Double_temp/dcl_Double_Temp_lat60_time18.eps}}
%\includegraphics[width=4.5cm,trim= 145 170 200 180,clip]{./Double_pv/dcl_Double_PotVor_lat60_time18.eps} 
%
\caption{\vtop{\hsize=30zw
         \small �������Η�����w�Ɖ��w�ɗ^�����ݒ��, 
         �k�� 60 �x�ɂ�����, 14 ���ڂ��� 18 ���܂ł�
         �Η�����w�̓����ʉQ�ʂ̒l�ƑΗ������w�̉��x�΍��̒l�̎��ԕω�. 
         ���̐}�� $\theta=340 \mathrm{K}$��(�Η����E�ʕt��)�̉Q�ʂ̕ω���\��, 
         �E�̐}��$\sigma=0.975$(�n�\�t��)�̉��x�΍��̎��ԕω���\���Ă���.
         �����͂Ƃ��Ɍo�x, 
         �c���͍��}�ł͉Q��(�P�ʂ�PVU[$10^{-6} \mathrm{m^2 s^{-1} K kg^{-1}}$])��, 
         �E�}�ŏc���͉��x(�P�ʂ͓x)��\��.
         } }
\label{fig:��w�Ɖ��w�ɏ��^�����Ƃ��� 60N �̉Q�ʏ�}
\end{center}
\end{figure}



%######################################################################
% ���������, 300K ��, 280K ��IPV
%######################################################################
%######################################################################
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{-7pt}
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{5pt}
\begin{figure}[tp]
\begin{center} 
\subfigure[14day, 300K �ʉQ��]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Double_pv/dcl_Double_IPV300_xy_time14.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[14day, 500hPa �ʉQ�x]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Double_vor/dcl_Double_vor_sig0.5_time14.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[15day, 300K �ʉQ��]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Double_pv/dcl_Double_IPV300_xy_time15.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[15day, 500hPa �ʉQ�x]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Double_vor/dcl_Double_vor_sig0.5_time15.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[16day, 300K �ʉQ��]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Double_pv/dcl_Double_IPV300_xy_time16.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[16day, 500hPa �ʉQ�x]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Double_vor/dcl_Double_vor_sig0.5_time16.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[17day, 300K �ʉQ��]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Double_pv/dcl_Double_IPV300_xy_time17.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[17day, 500hPa �ʉQ�x]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Double_vor/dcl_Double_vor_sig0.5_time17.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[18day, 300K �ʉQ��]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Double_pv/dcl_Double_IPV300_xy_time18.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[18day, 500hPa �ʉQ�x]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Double_vor/dcl_Double_vor_sig0.5_time18.eps}} 
%
\caption{\vtop{\hsize=30zw
%        \footnotesize
        \small �����w�Ɖ��w�ɗ^�����ݒ�ɂ�����, 
         14 ���ڂ��� 18 ���܂ł�
         300K �ʉQ�ʏ�(��)�� 500 hPa �ʕt�߂̉Q�x��(�E) �̎��ԕω�. 
         �Ƃ��ɉ����͌o�x, �c���͈ܓx(15-80�x). 
         �Q�ʏ�̒P�ʂ�PVU[$10^{-6} \mathrm{m^2 s^{-1} K kg^{-1}}$]. 
         �R���^�[��, 1PVU �� 2PVU �Ɏ�����, 1.5 PVU �ɓ_���������Ă���.
         �Q�x��̓R���^�[�̊Ԋu��, $1 \times 10^{-5} \mathrm{s^{-1}}$. 
         } }
\label{fig:��w�Ɖ��w�ɏ��^�����Ƃ��̒��w��C�̉Q�ʂƉQ�x��}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
%
%######################################################################
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{5pt}
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{-7pt}
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{0pt}
%\renewcommand{\topfraction}{.05}
\begin{figure}[tp]
\begin{center}
\subfigure[14day, 280K �ʉQ��]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Double_pv/dcl_Double_IPV280_xy_time14.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[14day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̉Q�x]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Double_vor/dcl_Double_vor_sig1.0_time14.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[15day, 280K �ʉQ��]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Double_pv/dcl_Double_IPV280_xy_time15.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[15day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̉Q�x]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Double_vor/dcl_Double_vor_sig1.0_time15.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[16day, 280K �ʉQ��]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Double_pv/dcl_Double_IPV280_xy_time16.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[16day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̉Q�x]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Double_vor/dcl_Double_vor_sig1.0_time16.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[17day, 280K �ʉQ��]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Double_pv/dcl_Double_IPV280_xy_time17.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[17day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̉Q�x]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Double_vor/dcl_Double_vor_sig1.0_time17.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[18day, 280K �ʉQ��]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Double_pv/dcl_Double_IPV280_xy_time18.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[18day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̉Q�x]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Double_vor/dcl_Double_vor_sig1.0_time18.eps}} 
%
\caption{\vtop{\hsize=30zw
%        \footnotesize
        \small �����w�Ɖ��w�ɗ^�����ݒ�ɂ�����, 
         14 ���ڂ��� 18 ���܂ł�
         280K �ʉQ�ʏ�(��)�� �n�\�ʕt�߂̉Q�x��(�E) �̎��ԕω�. 
         �Ƃ��ɉ����͌o�x, �c���͈ܓx(15-80�x). 
         �Q�ʏ�̒P�ʂ�PVU[$10^{-6} \mathrm{m^2 s^{-1} K kg^{-1}}$]. 
         �R���^�[��, 1PVU �� 2PVU �Ɏ�����, 1.5 PVU �ɓ_���������Ă���.
         �Q�x��̓R���^�[�̊Ԋu��, $1 \times 10^{-5} \mathrm{s^{-1}}$. 
         } }
\label{fig:��w�Ɖ��w�ɏ��^�����Ƃ��̉��w��C�̉Q�ʂƉQ�x��}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
%
%
\clearpage
%######################################################################
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{-7pt}
%\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{5pt}
\begin{figure}[tp]
\begin{center}
\subfigure[14day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̋C��]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Double_ps/dcl_Double_ps_time14.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[14day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̉��x]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Double_temp/dcl_Double_temp_sig1.0_time14.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[15day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̋C��]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Double_ps/dcl_Double_ps_time15.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[15day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̉��x]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Double_temp/dcl_Double_temp_sig1.0_time15.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[16day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̋C��]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Double_ps/dcl_Double_ps_time16.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[16day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̉��x]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Double_temp/dcl_Double_temp_sig1.0_time16.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[17day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̋C��]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Double_ps/dcl_Double_ps_time17.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[17day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̉��x]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Double_temp/dcl_Double_temp_sig1.0_time17.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[18day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̋C��]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Double_ps/dcl_Double_ps_time18.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[18day, �n�\�ʕt�߂̉��x]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 120 170 170 180,clip]{./Double_temp/dcl_Double_temp_sig1.0_time18.eps}} 
%
%
\caption{\vtop{\hsize=30zw
%         \footnotesize
         \small �����w�Ɖ��w�ɗ^�����ݒ��, 
         �n�\�ʕt�߂ɂ�����, 14 ���ڂ��� 18 ���܂ł�
         �C����(��), ���x��(�E)�̎��ԕω�. 
         �C����͓��l���̊Ԋu��, $2.5 \times 10^{2} \mathrm{hPa}$.
         ���x��̓��l���̊Ԋu��, $2.5 \mathrm{K}$.
         �Ƃ��ɉ����͌o�x, �c���͈ܓx(15-80�x). 
         } }
\label{fig:��w�Ɖ��w�ɏ��^�����Ƃ��̉��w�̋C����, ���x��}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

%######################################################################
%######################################################################
% �k�� 45 �x�̓����f��
%######################################################################
%######################################################################
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{-7pt}
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{5pt}
\begin{figure}[tp]
\begin{center}
\subfigure[14day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Double_pv-pt/dcl_Double_PV-PTemp_lat45_time14.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[14day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Double_vor/dcl_Double_vor_lat45_time14.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[15day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Double_pv-pt/dcl_Double_PV-PTemp_lat45_time15.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[15day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Double_vor/dcl_Double_vor_lat45_time15.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[16day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Double_pv-pt/dcl_Double_PV-PTemp_lat45_time16.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[16day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Double_vor/dcl_Double_vor_lat45_time16.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[17day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Double_pv-pt/dcl_Double_PV-PTemp_lat45_time17.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[17day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Double_vor/dcl_Double_vor_lat45_time17.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[18day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Double_pv-pt/dcl_Double_PV-PTemp_lat45_time18.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[18day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Double_vor/dcl_Double_vor_lat45_time18.eps}} 
%
\caption{\vtop{\hsize=30zw
         \small �����w�Ɖ��w�ɗ^�����ݒ��, 
         �k�� 45 �x�ɂ�����, 14 ���ڂ��� 18 ���܂ł̓����f�ʐ}.
         (��)�͉Q�ʂƉ��ʂ̏�, (�E)�͉Q�x��̎��ԕω�. 
         �Q�ʂ͍������ŕ\�����. �R���^�[�Ԋu��, �PPVU �܂ł�0.1 PVU, 1PVU �ȏ��1.5,2.0,4.0,6.0 PVU �ň����Ă���.
         ���ʂ͐F������. �R���^�[�Ԋu�� 2.5 K.
         �Q�x�̃R���^�[�Ԋu�� $1\times 10^{-5} \mathrm{s^{-1}}$.
         �Ƃ��ɉ����͌o�x(130-230�x), �c���͍��x($\sigma=1.0-0.22$). 
          } }
\label{fig:��w�Ɖ��w�ɏ��^�����Ƃ��̖k�� 45 �x�ɂ����铌���f��}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
%########################################################%
%########################################################%
%######################################################################
%######################################################################
% �k�� 60 �x�̓����f��
%######################################################################
%######################################################################
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{-7pt}
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{5pt}
\begin{figure}[tp]
\begin{center}
\subfigure[14day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Double_pv-pt/dcl_Double_PV-PTemp_lat60_time14.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[14day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Double_vor/dcl_Double_vor_lat60_time14.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[15day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Double_pv-pt/dcl_Double_PV-PTemp_lat60_time15.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[15day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Double_vor/dcl_Double_vor_lat60_time15.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[16day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Double_pv-pt/dcl_Double_PV-PTemp_lat60_time16.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[16day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Double_vor/dcl_Double_vor_lat60_time16.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[17day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Double_pv-pt/dcl_Double_PV-PTemp_lat60_time17.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[17day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Double_vor/dcl_Double_vor_lat60_time17.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[18day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Double_pv-pt/dcl_Double_PV-PTemp_lat60_time18.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[18day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Double_vor/dcl_Double_vor_lat60_time18.eps}} 
%
\caption{\vtop{\hsize=30zw
         \small �����w�Ɖ��w�ɗ^�����ݒ��, 
         �k�� 60 �x�ɂ�����, 14 ���ڂ��� 18 ���܂ł̓����f�ʐ}.
         (��)�͉Q�ʂƉ��ʂ̏�, (�E)�͉Q�x��̎��ԕω�. 
         �Q�ʂ͍������ŕ\�����. �R���^�[�Ԋu��, �PPVU �܂ł�0.1 PVU, 1PVU �ȏ��1.5,2.0,4.0,6.0 PVU �ň����Ă���.
         ���ʂ͐F������. �R���^�[�Ԋu�� 2.5 K.
         �Q�x�̃R���^�[�Ԋu�� $1\times 10^{-5} \mathrm{s^{-1}}$.
         �Ƃ��ɉ����͌o�x(130-230�x), �c���͍��x($\sigma=1.0-0.22$). 
          } }
\label{fig:��w�Ɖ��w�ɏ��^�����Ƃ��̖k�� 60 �x�ɂ����铌���f��}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
%############################################################################
%############################################################################

% ���Ƃ͓�k�f��
%######################################################################
%######################################################################
%######################################################################
%######################################################################
\renewcommand{\subfigcapskip}{-7pt}
\renewcommand{\subfigtopskip}{5pt}
\begin{figure}[tp]
\begin{center}
\subfigure[14day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Double_pv-pt/dcl_Double_PV-PTemp_lon225_time14.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[14day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Double_vor/dcl_Double_vor_lon225_time14.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[15day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Double_pv-pt/dcl_Double_PV-PTemp_lon235_time15.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[15day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Double_vor/dcl_Double_vor_lon235_time15.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[16day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Double_pv-pt/dcl_Double_PV-PTemp_lon245_time16.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[16day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Double_vor/dcl_Double_vor_lon245_time16.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[17day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Double_pv-pt/dcl_Double_PV-PTemp_lon255_time17.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[17day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Double_vor/dcl_Double_vor_lon255_time17.eps}} \\
%
\subfigure[18day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Double_pv-pt/dcl_Double_PV-PTemp_lon265_time18.eps}}
\hspace{1cm}
\subfigure[18day]{\includegraphics[width=5cm,trim= 150 170 170 180,clip]{./Double_vor/dcl_Double_vor_lon265_time18.eps}} 
%
\caption{\vtop{\hsize=30zw
         \small �����w�Ɖ��w�ɗ^�����ݒ��, 
         14 ���ڂ��� 18 ���܂ł̓�k�f�ʐ}.
         (��)�͉Q�ʂƉ��ʂ̏�, (�E)�͉Q�x��̎��ԕω�. 
         �Q�ʂ͍������ŕ\�����. �R���^�[�Ԋu��, �PPVU �܂ł�0.1 PVU, 1PVU �ȏ��1.5,2.0,4.0,6.0 PVU �ň����Ă���.
         ���ʂ͐F������. �R���^�[�Ԋu�� 2.5 K.
         �Q�x�̃R���^�[�Ԋu�� $1\times 10^{-5} \mathrm{s^{-1}}$.
         �Ƃ��ɉ����͈ܓx(15-80�x), �c���͍��x($\sigma=1.0-0.22$). 
          } }
\label{fig:��w�Ɖ��w�ɏ��^�����Ƃ��̓�k�f��}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
%########################################################%
%########################################################%

%######################################################################
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%\subsubsection{������̈ʑ��𓌐������ɂ��炷�ꍇ-1}
%
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%\subsubsection{������̈ʑ��𓌐������ɂ��炷�ꍇ-2}
%
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%
%x-pv �f�ʂ́A�����܂ł��A�m�}���[�̐U���A�g���������̂݁B
%
%���̃A�m�}���[���傫���Ȃ����Ƃ���(�U���̑傫���Ƃ���)��, 
%x-y �f�ʂ�pv���ǂ��Ȃ��Ă��邩�����킹�Ċm�F����
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%��IPV �A�m�}���[�͉��ʖʂƂƂ��ɉ��~
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\clearpage
\chapter{�܂Ƃ�}
%\markright{�܂Ƃ�} %  �߂̑薼���������ނ���
\markright{\arabic{chapter}
�܂Ƃ�} %  �߂̑薼���������ނ���

�����, �X���s�����ł̏�ɂ���, 
���̎��Ԕ��W�ɐ[���ւ���Ă���Q�ʂɂ���ĉ�͂���.

�v�Z��, 
�X���s�����̎��Ԕ��W���v�Z����
 Polvani et al. (2004) �̐ݒ�ɕ���Đ��l�������s����.

�����ł� Polvani et al. (2004) �Ɠ��l, �͊w�ߒ��݂̂̊ȒP�ȏ����Ŏ������邱�Ƃɂ��, 
�Q�ʏ�̎��ԕω��Ə�̐����̊֌W����薾�m�ɂ�, 
�ߋ��Ɋϑ����ʂ����ɍs��ꂽ��͂Ɣ�r���邱�Ƃ�ړI�Ƃ���.

�܂���, Polvani et al. (2004) �̐ݒ�ɂ��킹�đS�w�ɏ��^�����ꍇ(�Ȍ�, �P�[�X 1)���v�Z����.
���̂Ƃ���, 10 - 14 �����ɂ����čł���̐������Ă���l�q������ꂽ.
������, 
���Η�����w�݂̂ɗ^�����ꍇ(�Ȍ�, �P�[�X 2), 
            ���w�ɂ̂ݗ^�����ꍇ(�Ȍ�, �P�[�X 3), 
            ��w�Ɖ��w�ɗ^�����ꍇ(�Ȍ�, �P�[�X 4)
�̎������s����.

������������ʖʏ��, 
�Q�ʕۑ����ɏ]���Đ�����g�̓�k�����̐U�����ő�ƂȂ����Ƃ�, 
����ł��������Ă���Ƃ������ʂ�����ꂽ.

�܂�, �e�ꍇ���r�����, 
���w�ɔ��������z�̑傫���͂���قǑ傫�ȈႢ�͂Ȃ�������, 
��������w�ɐ������z�ɂ����Ă͌X�����قȂ�, 
�P�[�X 1 �ň�Ԓl���傫��, 
�P�[�X 2 �̂Ƃ��ɍł��������l����錋�ʂƂȂ���.
�P�[�X 3 �ƃP�[�X 4 ��, �قړ����x�̏z�������邱�Ƃ������ꂽ.
���̗l�q��, �����f�ʐ}����ѓ�k�f�ʐ}�Ō����ł���.

�����Ĕ����������, 
�P�[�X 1 �ɂ����̂���ԑ���, �ł�������ɐ�������.
�t�ɃP�[�X 2 �ɂ����̂���Ԓx��, ����ق��̂��̂قǂ͐������Ȃ�����.

���̂��Ƃ�, ��K�� (1986) ���ϑ��ɂ���ē������ʂƋ߂�, 
�n�\�t�߂ɂ͎ア��������, 
��w����Q�ʂ̒l�̑傫����C���߂Â����Ƃ�
�}���ɏ���������邱�Ƃ��q�ׂ��Ă���.

�����ł̌��ʂ���, 
��w�̏z�̋�����, ��̔��B�ɐ[���֌W���Ă��邱�Ƃ�\���Ă���.

������, ��w�݂̂ɏ��^�����ꍇ��,  
��w�ŏz���キ�Ȃ������R�͓���ł��Ă��Ȃ�����, 
����͍���̉ۑ�ł���.




%\\ \\ \\
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\clearpage
\chapter*{�ӎ�}
\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{�ӎ�}
\markright{�ӎ�} %  �߂̑薼���������ނ���

�{�_�����쐬����ۂ�, �����̕��X�ɂ����b�ɂȂ�܂���.
�яˉ���͖{�_���̍쐬���j��, �Z�~�i�[�ł̎w���Ȃ�, 
�Z�������Ԃ̒��ŕ������������ĉ������܂���.
��R�����y������, �Z�����Ƃ��뎞�Ԃ������Ď���ɓ����ĉ�����, 
�K�v�ȕ����̏Љ�����ĉ������܂���.
�����F�K�����̓��f���Ɋւ��邱�Ƃ�Q�ʂ̍l�����ɂ��ĕ��i�����R�̎���������Ē���, 
���Z�������Ŏ��Ԃ�����Ă��w���������܂���.
���V���珕����, �v���O�����쐬�̓��؂𗧂Ăĉ�����, 
�܂��`��X�N���v�g�ɂ��Ă���{�I�Ȏ��₩�番����₷�������ĉ������܂���.
����^�玁, �[���N�j���͌������̐�y�Ƃ��Ăǂ�ȋ^��ɂ������D�������J�ɓ����ĉ������܂���.
�܂��_���̏C���E�`�F�b�N�����ĉ�����, �{���ɂ����b�ɂȂ�܂���.

�n������јf����C�Ȋw�������̊F���܂ɂ�, 
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

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%���y�[�W���� \\
%\bibitem{MAD} Andrews, D. G., Holton, J. R., Leovy, C. B., 1987: Middle Atmosphere Dynamics, 
%              Academic Press,  

%\bibitem{Charney} Charney, J. G., 1947: The dynamics of long waves in a baroclinic westerly current, J. Met. 4, 135-163. 
%
\bibitem{Eady} Eady, E. T., 1949: Long waves and cyclone waves, Tellus 1, 33-52.

\bibitem{Ertel} Ertel, H., 1942: Ein Neuer hydrodynamischer Wirbelsatz, Met. Z., 59, 271-281.
  
%\bibitem{Eady} Eady, E. T., 1949: Long waves and cyclone waves, Tellus 1, 33-52.
%���y�[�W��, �o�ŔN�m�F�� \\
\bibitem{Holton} Holton, J. R., 2004: 
                 An Introduce to Dynamic Meteorology fourth, Academic Press, 529pp.

%���y�[�W���� \\
\bibitem{Holton2} Holton, J. R., Curry, J. A., Pyle, J. A., 2003: ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 
                  Academic Press, 

\bibitem{Hoskins} Hoskins, B. J., McIntyre, M. E., Robertson, A. W., 1985: 
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                  Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 111, 877-946.  

\bibitem{�ɉ�} �ɉ�[��, 2005: �W�F�b�g�ƍ���C���E�O���̗͊w, �V�C 52, 735-741. 

\bibitem{�ؑ�} �ؑ�����, 1998: �n�����̗͊w����, �������o��, 247pp.
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                http://www.gfd-dennou.org/library/dcpam/, GFD Dennou Club. 

%���y�[�W���� \\
\bibitem{�C�ێ��T} ���{�C�ۊw��, 1998: �C�ۉȊw���T, ��������, 636pp.

\bibitem{��K��1} ��K���`�M, 1986: Q-map (�����ʖʏ�ŉ�͂��ꂽ�Q�ʕ��z�}) -- ���� 1 Q-map �̌��� --, �V�C 33, 289-299.

\bibitem{��K��2} ��K���`�M, 1986: Q-map (�����ʖʏ�ŉ�͂��ꂽ�Q�ʕ��z�}) -- ���� 2 Q-map �̎��� --, �V�C 33, 300-331.

\bibitem{pedlosky} Pedlosky, J., 1987: Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Springer-Verlag, 703pp.

%\bibitem{Robinson} Robinson, W. A., 1989: On the structure of potential vorticity in baroclinic instability, Tellus 41A, 275-284.
%
\bibitem{Sakai} Sakai, S., 1989: 
Rossby-Kelvin instability : a new type of ageostrophic instability 
caused by a resonance between Rossby waves and gravity waves, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 202, 149-176.

\bibitem{satoh} Satoh, M.,2004: Atmospheric Circulation Dynamics and General Circulation Models, Springer-Verlag, 643pp.

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Journal of Meteorological Society of Japan, 69, 609-628.

%\bibitem{���M} ���M�o, 2000: �C�ی����m�[�g��198�� �u���ђ�C���̗͊w�v, ���{�C�ۊw��, 154pp

%���y�[�W���� \\
\bibitem{Vallis} Vallis, G. K., 2006: Atmospheric and Oceanic Fluid Dynamics, Cambridge university Press, 745pp.                

%\bibitem{Wright1} Wright, D. G., 1987: 
%                  Baroclinic Instability Energy Transfer and the Role of Potential Vorticity Conservation, 
%                  Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society 25, 225-241.

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%Ertel(1942)
%Rossby(1940)
%Kleinschmidt(1950,1951,1955,1957)
%Bretherton 1966


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\begin{tabular}{ccc} \hline
%$z_i$ ($\mathrm{km}$) & ($dT/dz$)_i ($K$/ $\mathrm{km}$) \\ \hline \hline
$z_i$ ($\mathrm{km}$)  & $(dT/dz)_i$ ($K$/ $\mathrm{km}$) \\ \hline \hline
0  & -6.5 \\ \hline
11 & 0  \\ \hline
20 & +1.0 \\ \hline
32 & +2.8 \\ \hline
47 & 0 \\ \hline
51 & -2.8 \\ \hline
71 & -2.0 \\ \hline
80 & 0 
\\ \hline
\end{tabular}

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