A. Governing equations of the model
A.e. Ground surface The ground temperature is calculated by the 1D thermal conduction equation. where is the ground temperature (K), is the soil density (kgm-3), is the specific heat (Jkg-1K-1), and is the thermal conductivity (Wm-1K-1). The surface temperature is given as . The boundary condition at the surface is given as follows. where is the solar radiative flux at the surface (the sign of downward flux is positive), is the surface albedo, is the net infrared radiative flux emitted from the surface and is the sensible heat flux (the sign of upward flux is positive). The lower boundary of the ground surface is given as a insulation boundary. The values of soil density, thermal conductivity and specific heat are same as those of Kieffer et al. (1977) standard model, where = 0.25, = 1650 kgm-3, = 588 JK-1kg-1, = 7.63×10-2 JK-1m-1sec-1. By using these values, the thermal inertia is 272 Wm-2sec1/2K-1 and the diurnal skin depth of is about 8.2 cm.
A numerical simulation of thermal convection in the Martian lower atmosphere.